The growth of world population has led to the expansion of agricultural areas to produce food that meet world demand, making it necessary to increase productivity and maintain sustainability in these areas. In this work was evaluated the effect of different Land Use and Land Cover (LULC) types, namely native forest, pasture, rice and soybean crops on the spatial variability of soil fertility and texture. Descriptive statistical analysis take base on pH, H+Al, Al, Ca, Mg, P, K, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, V, m, organic matter, clay, silt and sand values from soil samples about the different LULC. To verify the normality of the data, the Shapiro-Wilk test at 5% significance was performed, outlier analysis using boxplot graphics, principal component analysis and cluster analysis, using R software. In addition, the data were submitted to geostatistical analysis to verify the degree of spatial dependence of the variables through semivariograms, for interpolated kriging maps generated in the GS+ software. It was verified that the forest area has less fertility and greater acidity, whereas crop areas presented the opposite result. Except for silt, all variables were well represented in the factor map, in relation to PCA values the variability can be explained mainly by pH, V, Ca, K and Zn values inversely proportional to m, P and Sand. Through geostatistical analysis, spatial dependence ranging from moderate to strong was observed, generating reliability in the prediction of most attributes in pasture, rice and soybean areas. Through geostatistical analysis, spatial dependence ranging from moderate to strong was found, generating reliability in the prediction of most attributes in pasture, rice and soybean areas.

The advance of agribusiness on native vegetation has promoted an increasing isolation of wild animal populations in vegetation islands, with limited food supply. Thus, this work aimed to estimate the number of cattle slaughtered by jaguars (Panthera onca and Puma concolor) during one year in a cattle-producing municipality in southern Brazilian Amazon (Alta Floresta –MT). The owners or those responsible for the properties were basically asked how many heads of cattle were on the property and how many heads of cattle were lost to jaguars in 2020. Data from a total of 409 cattle farms were analyzed. Of this total, there were reports of predation by jaguars in 81 of the properties (19.8%). When extrapolating the data for the entire municipality, considering the size of the herd, an average of 970 animals killed per jaguar is obtained annually. The total number of cattle from the interviewed properties was 261,888 heads, equivalent to 34.21% of the entire herd in the municipality. Of this total, records of 332 cattle slaughtered by jaguars were obtained, representing a mortality rate of 0.12% over the herd. The landscape connectivity analysis showed that the highest connectivity rate was a thousand meters (m) away, which represented about 13.87% (17,848) of the connections. The results of the work showed that: i) despite the low lethality of one bovine preyed on every thousand heads, cattle raisers resent and justify their dislike for felines for the monetary damage caused by them; ii) The mobility of cats between forest fragments; iii) The decline in the population of cats in the municipality; iv) The absence of anti-predation techniques applied by ranchers; v) The municipality has potential for the exploration of feline sighting tourism.

The species Apeiba tibourbou (Aubl.) belongs to the Malvaceae family, is popularly known as monkey comb and balsa wood, and is widely used in folk medicine. Individuals belonging to the Malvaceae family have in their secondary metabolism a variety of chemical compounds that act in the defense mechanism against herbivory such as alkaloids, tannins and saponins. Understanding the physical characteristics and chemical compounds present in plants with insecticidal properties has been important for the development of new management techniques and new phytosanitary products with low environmental impact. In bibliographic research, there was a scarcity of data about the species Apeiba tibourbou, and its chemical and anatomical composition. The present work describes anatomical, histochemical and phytochemical characteristics present in the leaves of Apeiba tibourbou, and evaluates its insecticidal potential in the control of Aphis craccivora Koch (Hemiptera: Aphididae) and Atta sexdens L. (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). The phytochemical and histochemical analyzes and the anatomical description allowed the determination of the presence of starches, total lipids, phenolic compounds, alkaloids, mucilages, terpenoids and sesquiterpene lactones, calcium oxalates and trichomes. To evaluate the insecticidal potential of Apeiba tibourbou extract in adult individuals of Aphis craccivora, aqueous and hydroalcoholic extracts of leaves were prepared and subsequently applied at concentrations of: 2.5, 5.0, 7.5 and 10%. Survival assessment was performed at 24, 48, 72, 96 and 120 hours. There was a significant decrease in the survival rate of individuals, and the hydroalcoholic extract obtained better results than the aqueous extract. In the bioassays with workers of Atta sexdens, hydroalcoholic extracts were prepared from the bark and leaves of Apeiba tibourbou. The workers separated from the colony were placed in glass flasks, where the topical application of the extract was carried out, each repetition received a pad containing distilled water and an artificial diet cube based on agar and extract-free dextrose. Survival assessments were performed every 24 hours for a period of 15 days. There was a gradual decrease in the survival rate with increasing exposure time to hydroalcoholic extracts of bark and leaves of Apeiba tibourbou, showing to be a promising species for the control of Atta sexdens. Thus, the species Apeiba tibourbou has insecticidal potential in the control of Aphis craccivora and Atta sexdens in the laboratory.

Manihot esculenta Crantz belongs to the Euphorbiaceae family, popularly known as cassava or manioc. The cultivation of cassava is largely carried out by family farmers. The present study aimed to carry out a survey and phenotypic and molecular characterization of the landraces cultivated by small farmers in the North of the State of Mato Grosso, Brazil. The research was carried out in three settlements, Nossa Senhora Aparecida (NSA), Júlio Firmino Domingues (JFD) in the municipality of Alta Floresta and the São Pedro settlement (ASP) in the municipality of Paranaíta. The survey and phenotypic characterization were carried out during visits to the farmers' plantations in the three settlements. The data collected in the field were tabulated in an Excel spreadsheet, and the frequency of cultivation and the frequency of the phenotypic classes of each descriptor were calculated. To evaluate the genetic diversity, leaf samples of each landrace were collected for DNA extraction. A total of 33 properties were visited, 76 cassava landraces were surveyed and characterized, identifying 22 landraces with different names. The “cacau” cassava showed high frequency, cultivated in 69.7% of the properties, being the dominant landrace in the three settlements. Morphological characterization using 13 qualitative descriptors revealed a total of 44 phenotypic classes, evidencing genetic variability among the landraces. For molecular characterization, the 15 ISSR primers amplified 223 fragments, revealing 95% of polymorphism. Genetic dissimilarity values ranged between 0.091 and 0.618. The groupings by the UPGMA method formed 9 distinct groups, the group GI was the most representative (44.47%), the GVII, GVIII and GIX groups allocated only one landrace each, respectively the individuals NSA1 (“copinha” cassava), NSA20 (“amarela” cassava) and JFD25 (“cacao” cassava). The Nei (*H) and Shannon (*I) diversity indices demonstrated the existence of genetic variability within the settlements and AMOVA indicated that the greatest genetic diversity is present within the settlements (76%). The analysis of the population structure using Structure formed two groups, according to the value of ΔK, allocating the ethnovarities in accordance with the study regions. Phenotypic and molecular characterization revealed that there is genetic variability among individuals of M. esculenta. This diversity can be used in the construction of active germplasm collections and in future breeding programs.

The soils of southern Amazonia undergo modifications for the implementation of agriculture, livestock and forestry, and in general, these are poorly managed. And as these are naturally acidic and deficient in nutrients, due to accelerated weathering and the processes of soil formation, continue to affect their characteristics over the years, with all this, the quality of the soil is constantly altered. To know which managements were or are being less harmful to soils, we can study their attributes. In this way, the present work aimed to evaluate the quality of the soil through its chemical and physical characteristics, in addition to carrying out the study of the fractionation of phosphorus together with the microbial activity of the soil, in different uses that consisted of pasture areas, natural regeneration, tillage, forestry with teak production and forest fragment, in the south of the Amazon. We evaluate the physical attributes through porosity, density and penetration resistance; biological indicators by soil basal respiration, microbial biomass carbon, metabolic quotient and acid phosphatase; the chemicals were evaluated by the analysis of soil acidity, nutrient saturation, aluminum and hydrogen contents, organic matter, exchangeable calcium, exchangeable magnesium, exchangeable potassium and phosphorus. Due to the importance of phosphorus for crops and its deficiency in this region, its fractionation in the soil was evaluated. Most characteristics are influenced by management, where certain practices benefit the chemical characteristics of the soil, while others harm certain characteristics, mainly physical and microbiological characteristics.

The challenges encountered in tomato cultivation, in addition to ongoing climate changes, result in the urgency of developing environmental control technologies in order to increase fruit productivity and quality under conditions of intense availability of solar energy and high temperature. The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of a cultivation environment, covered with alveolar polycarbonate (PL) plates, through which a continuous flow of water was applied, and compared to a conventional cultivation environment covered with agricultural film (AF), under the tropical climatic conditions of the Mato Grosso Amazon. In both environments, the hybrid Fascínio was cultivated in pots, at 0,2; 0,3; 0,4; 0,5 and 0,6 m spacing in the row and 1,25 m between rows, from June to October. In the PL environment, a reduction of 42% of the transmissivity of the global radiation, 26% of the PAR radiation, 1 °C in the average ambient temperature, 5 °C in the average temperature of the leaves and a lower transpiration rate was verified. In the FA environment, higher photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, concentration of phenols, β-carotene, chromaticity and production of small fruits were observed, while fruits with larger diameter and greater average fruit mass were observed in the PL environment, as well as higher production of lycopene, activity antioxidant, greater leaf area and plant height. Regarding mean relative humidity, total production, commercial production, number of commercial fruits, % of loss, dry mass of leaves and stems, stem diameter, °Brix, texture and angle h°, there were no significant differences between environments. Regarding commercial productivity, the 0,2 m treatment showed the highest average of 144 t ha^-1, followed by the 0,3 m treatment with 114 t ha^-1. The PL environment can be recommended for regions with high solar incidence.

The chicória-do-pará is a vegetable considered an ethnomedicinal agent and its consumption is usually with the fresh plant, as a condiment. In Brazil, the cultivation of this vegetable is carried out in urban backyards and vegetable gardens, in small areas, and the use of screens in production is little reported. The nutritional importance of this vegetable is related, especially, to the content of antioxidants present in the leaves. Thus, seeking alternatives that can increase the content of these bioactives in chicória-do-pará, and their production, is one of the targets of this research. Another point is the increase in the conservation and storage time of this vegetable, through the drying of the leaves since dehydrated foods can be an alternative for consumption for prolonged periods. At first, we aimed to evaluate the stability of antioxidant compounds of this vegetable, submitted to different drying methods, since in the literature, few data on the influence of the drying method on the biochemical composition of chicória-do-pará are found. Regarding the drying methods, the chicory leaves were submitted to drying in a forced air circulation oven at 40, 50, 60 and 70 ºC, as well as drying by exposure to sunlight and shade. After drying, biochemical analyzes were performed (flavonoids, phenolic acids, total phenols, DPPH, ABTS and FRAP). In the “Solar” treatment, significant results were not observed for all the analyzed variables, when compared to the other drying methods used. The flavonoid content in the plants was higher when dried in an oven at 50 and 60 ºC and in the “shade”. Phenolic acids and antioxidant activity by ABTS report significant results in plants submitted to “shade” drying, as well as for phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity by DPPH and FRAP, in addition to drying in an oven at 50 ºC and in “shade”, the use of oven at 40ºC also revealed significant results. Thus, we can conclude that the “shade” drying proved to be promising, which makes it a good option for drying chicória-do-pará, with good stability of the compounds when compared to the other evaluated methods, since the plants subjected to this treatment showed a high content of flavonoids, ac. phenolics, total phenols and high antioxidant activity demonstrated by ABTS, DPPH and FRAP assays. Drying in an oven at 70 ºC was not effective for the maintenance of any of the compounds analyzed.

The chicória-do-pará is a vegetable considered an ethnomedicinal agent and its consumption is usually with the fresh plant, as a condiment. In Brazil, the cultivation of this vegetable is carried out in urban backyards and vegetable gardens, in small areas, and the use of screens in production is little reported. The nutritional importance of this vegetable is related, especially, to the content of antioxidants present in the leaves. Thus, seeking alternatives that can increase the content of these bioactives in chicória-do-pará, and their production, is one of the targets of this research. Another point is the increase in the conservation and storage time of this vegetable, through the drying of the leaves since dehydrated foods can be an alternative for consumption for prolonged periods. At first, we aimed to evaluate the stability of antioxidant compounds of this vegetable, submitted to different drying methods, since in the literature, few data on the influence of the drying method on the biochemical composition of chicória-do-pará are found. Regarding the drying methods, the chicory leaves were submitted to drying in a forced air circulation oven at 40, 50, 60 and 70 ºC, as well as drying by exposure to sunlight and shade. After drying, biochemical analyzes were performed (flavonoids, phenolic acids, total phenols, DPPH, ABTS and FRAP). In the “Solar” treatment, significant results were not observed for all the analyzed variables, when compared to the other drying methods used. The flavonoid content in the plants was higher when dried in an oven at 50 and 60 ºC and in the “shade”. Phenolic acids and antioxidant activity by ABTS report significant results in plants submitted to “shade” drying, as well as for phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity by DPPH and FRAP, in addition to drying in an oven at 50 ºC and in “shade”, the use of oven at 40ºC also revealed significant results. Thus, we can conclude that the “shade” drying proved to be promising, which makes it a good option for drying chicória-do-pará, with good stability of the compounds when compared to the other evaluated methods, since the plants subjected to this treatment showed a high content of flavonoids, ac. phenolics, total phenols and high antioxidant activity demonstrated by ABTS, DPPH and FRAP assays. Drying in an oven at 70 ºC was not effective for the maintenance of any of the compounds analyzed.

The Amazon Forest is the largest tropical forest in the world, with 60% belonging to the Brazilian territory, one third of the forest is located in the state of Mato Grosso. It is estimated that about 20% of all the planet's biodiversity is found in the Amazon. Among the species present in the Amazon, we highlight the Copaifera langsdorffii Desf., exploited mainly for the extraction of its oil-resin and wood, and also to be used in folk medicine in the treatment of various diseases. Inadequate management of C. langsdorffii, as well as forest fragmentation, can cause a decrease in the number of individuals in the populations, which in the long run can cause the loss of genetic variability. This study aimed to perform the molecular characterization of 27 individuals of C. langsdorffii collected in the Amazon located in Mato Grosso state, Brazil, and to evaluate the toxic, cytotoxic and genotoxic potential of the species. For evaluation of genetic diversity, 12 ISSR primers were used, which amplified 106 fragments, 98.11% of which were polymorphic. The content of polymorphic information (PIC) of each primer varied between 0.45 and 0.81. The average dissimilarity found was 0.49. The greatest genetic variability is found within the groups and not between them. The percentage of polymorphism, values of genetic dissimilarity and indexes of genetic diversity, indicate that there is high genetic variability among C. langsdorffii individuals, suggesting that ISSR primers are efficient in detecting polymorphism in this species, and that the population has the potential to compose  conservation programs and the ability to integrate germplasm banks. The assessment of toxic, cytotoxic and genotoxic potential was performed using the Allium cepa test. The aqueous extracts (infused and decocted) obtained from the stem bark and leaves of C. langsdorffii were evaluated, with five different concentrations and two controls, with distilled water (negative control) and glyphosate at 1% (positive control). The growth of the root system (CSR), the mitotic index (MI), and the frequency of chromosomal changes and / or abnormalities in the phases of cell division were evaluated. The greatest reductions in CSR were found in decocted extracts (stem bark and leaves). For the stem bark, both extracts at concentration of 0.032 mg mL ^-1 showed lower MI. The concentrations 0.002 mg mL^-1 of the infused bark extract and 0.004 mg mL^-1 of the decocted leaf extract showed 4.19 and 3.55% of cell aberrations respectively, followed by the positive leaf control with 5.71%. The results showed the toxic, cytotoxic and genotoxic potential of the aqueous extracts of C. langsdorffii on the test organism.

Abstract: In this dissertation, an evolution of environmental legislation was addressed, as well as a case study with the subsumption of the law in concrete projects to make forest restoration feasible, showing the efficiency of the methods applied by an environmental public policy. A traditional bibliographic research method was used, highlighting the multidisciplinary nature of the environmental issue since it is necessary to know several scientific areas. In the first chapter, a bibliographic survey of the evolution of the legislation regarding the protection of the environment was carried out; analysis of the importance of the rural environmental registry (CAR) as a method of controlling deforestation; and studying the terminology conflict between restoration, restoration, recovery, and restoration of native vegetation. In the second chapter, legal issues were analyzed in order to apply the theoretical perspectives of law in the concrete cases proposed by the SEMA (State Secretariat for the Environment) of Mato Grosso, and the project Olhos D'água da Amazônia was implemented for the documentary research. in the municipality of Alta Floresta (MT), in order to reduce deforestation and increase forest restoration rates, in order to recover APPs (permanent preservation areas). Also selected as a sample was a study carried out by ICV (Instituto Centro e Vida) in the Municipalities of Alta Floresta, Carlinda, and Paranaíta in the State of Mato Grosso, comparing the gain and loss of forest during the years 2008 to 2019. With the study it was it is possible to concretely make the general objective of the work viable, that is, demonstrate that an environmental public policy will be efficient if there is political will from the government, financial investment, involvement of specialists, and participation of society in the process of raising awareness of the importance of biodiversity conservation, as well as alignment of a sustainable economic development policy

Few sources of information exist about secondary vegetation in Brazil, which consists of vegetation originating from areas that were deforested in previous years and later abandoned by use if they regenerated and / or were recomposed by human action. In Mato Grosso, many areas of environmental liabilities have been restored in recent years, due to legal requirements and / or abandonment of use. The objective of the present work, divided into two chapters, was to map and validate the forest restoration (RF) that occurred in the period from 2008 to 2019 and to analyze its spatial distribution over the network of rural properties, Permanent Preservation Areas (APPs), Legal Reserves (RLs) and properties benefited by projects financed by the Amazon Fund in three municipalities in northern Mato Grosso. The study area comprised the municipalities of Alta Floresta, Carlinda and Paranaíta, which together totaled a total area of 1,616,537 ha. The mapping was performed through visual interpretation in freely accessible orbital images. The vectorization scale was 1: 25,000. The mapping validation was carried out through systematic sampling from the polygons that were located within a maximum radius of 50 meters from the axis of the municipal road network. A total of 567 sample areas were selected. All field work was carried out by land using a motor vehicle. To measure the accuracy of the mapping, the Global Accuracy, Conditional Kappa and Tau indexes were used. Net deforestation was calculated by subtracting the RF area from the PRODES / INPE deforestation area. For the spatial distribution analysis, digital cartographic bases of the property limits provided by ICV (2018), APP limits, property limits benefited by the Olhos D’Água da Amazônia (PRODAM) and Nascentes do Buriti projects were used. Rural properties were subdivided into five classes according to the number of fiscal modules (MF) being: Up to 1 MF; from 1 to 2 MF; from 2 to 4 MF; from 4 to 15 MF and above 15 MF. The size of the MF in the three municipalities according to INCRA is 100 hectares. The amount of RF for the period and for the study area was 14,605.1 ha and 7,302 polygons. The accuracy indices showed values of 95.5%, 91.1% and 90.9% respectively, with performance classified as excellent. The average height of vegetation in the sample areas was 7.11 meters. Alta Floresta had 

the highest number of polygons, 4,449, and the largest area, 9,975.4 ha of RF. Carlinda had the best net deforestation balance - 103.7 ha. Paranaíta had lesser performance both in the quantity of RF and in the net deforestation balance. The rural property class above 15 MF was the one that stood out the most, with the highest number of polygons, the largest area and the highest percentage of properties with an incidence of RF. The RF focused more heavily on areas of APP compared to RL. The environmental liability in APP was 22,328.69 ha in the entire study area until the year 2019. The incidence of RF on the areas of APPD between the years 2016 to 2019 was only 7.9%. The PRODAM project was able to achieve its initially proposed goal of recomposing 1,200 ha of forest, while the Nascentes do Buriti project has so far reached 14.3% of the initially proposed goal. Despite efforts, the two projects contributed 9.5% of all RF in the entire study area. The entire database used in the analysis of this work is openly available through the link: https://arcg.is/0qKjCi.

Livestock and soy are the main drivers of deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon. The purpose of this work was to verify the conversion of natural areas for soy planting after the Soy Moratorium, between the crop years 2009/2010 to 2017/2018. To evaluate the deforested areas, images were used via remote sensing of the Landsat satellites made available by the Global Forest Change database, with files containing 8-bit values, with a spatial resolution of one second of arc per pixel, or approximately 30 meters per pixel in the equator. The areas cultivated with soy were identified with the PCEI index (Perpendicular Crop Enhancement Index). Boxplots were built to demonstrate the variation of the variables evaluated over the time series. To check the trend of variables over the years, the Man-Kendall test was applied, followed by the Pettitt test to identify the probable point of change with the significant trend at 0.005 for the Pettitt test. All analyzes were performed with R software with the aid of the “ggplot2”, “trend”, “ManKendall” and “factoextra” packages. In the 2017/2018 crop year, soy was present in seven Amazonian states, with the exception of Amazonas and Maranhão and occupying an area of 5,237,640 hectares (ha). The states with the largest planting areas were Mato Grosso (4,453,053 ha), Pará (565,541 ha) and Rondônia (95,934 ha). The states with the largest areas of deforestation were Pará and Mato Grosso and the trend test showed that the probable year of change was 2006 for the state of Mato Grosso, which coincides with the year of implementation of the Soy Moratorium. As of 2009, 12,413,267 ha have been deforested. Of this total, 359,606 ha were converted into soybean areas. This represents only 2.90% of all deforestation in the Amazon in the period. Our results show that cattle ranching remains the main driver of deforestation in the Amazon and that the public policies that have existed so far have not been sufficient to contain deforestation.

In recent years in Brazil, invasive species in cultivation areas have been raising concern among farmers due to damage and losses in production. A study carried out in the Parque Nacional das Emas, for example, shows a daily consumption of 1.9 kg of corn by the white leap peccaries (WLP) (Tayassu pecari). However, these invasions are driven by deforestation that causes forest fragmentation, loss of habitat and reduced availability of resources, forcing fauna to explore agro-ecosystems in search of food. An example of this is the situation of the WLP. While they have disappeared from much of the country, they are still abundant and live in conflict with corn farmers in the state of Mato Grosso. Thus, this species, resilient to the impacts of forest fragmentation, is now seen as a pest specie by farmers. Due to this conflicting relationship, this work was divided into two chapters and had two main objectives. The first estimated the economic impacts caused by the WLP on corn production on a single property in the south of the Brazilian Amazon. The second assessed the dispersed functional connectivity of the WLP in an environment with an agricultural matrix, to use as a predictive model of areas to be invaded and aiming at guiding producers regarding this possibility. For the first objective, we used a property in the municipality of Alta Floresta, with 1,100 hectares of corn crops. In this property we randomized 50 collection points, all around the crop, represented by one hectare each, composed of six treatments (distances from the edge of the forest fragment), divided into five repetitions of 10 linear meters of corn, where the whole and damaged corn stalks were counted. We calculated the percentage of damaged corn stalks at each point, extracting an average loss for the points analyzed, being extrapolated to the entire crop. For the second, we used data on the presence and absence of white-lipped peccaries, acquired through visits to properties that grew corn in the 2018/19 crop year in Alta Floresta, Carlinda and Paranaíta in the state of Mato Grosso. With the ArcGis Software and orbital scenes from the CBERS-04A satellite (China-Brazil Earth-Resources Satellite), we identify forest fragments and crops to quantify connection rates through the Conefor Sensinode 2.6 plugin, through the integral connectivity index (IIC).  We found 1.25% of damaged plants throughout the property, representing a loss of R $ 34,344.75 for the owner. Crops were invaded at a rate of up to 300 meters in connection with forest fragments. Even low damage rates are not tolerated by farmers. This intolerance and persecution promoted by farmers may compromise the survival of the WLP in the agricultural frontier areas in the Amazon. One of the solutions to avoid conflicts would be for crops to be cultivated at least 300 meters away from the nearest forest fragment.

As it has one of the richest biological diversity on the planet, Brazil has a vast potential for research with vegetables that substantiate secondary metabolites, among which we can mention the species of the genus Xylopia L. Xylopia produces a variety of secondary metabolites and has been investigated as a source potential of compounds that exhibit a wide variety of biological properties. Secondary metabolites are not directly related to plant growth and development, but assume functional characteristics that allow them to respond to environmental stimuli; in the same way that possible changes in the anatomy of species can perform functions that suggest a certain adaptive degree. In this sense, this study had as main objective to investigate Xylopia species occurring in different areas in the southern Amazon of Mato Grosso, seeking to characterize and compare anatomically and histochemically six species of the genus, in addition, we investigate possible adaptive characteristics of Amazonian Xylopia in different communities vegetables from the region. To carry out the study, we used leaves of tree species of the genus Xylopia, which were subjected to the usual methodologies for anatomical and histochemical research. The research is organized in two chapters, the first deals with the description and anatomical and histochemical comparison of the species: Xylopia amazonica, X. aromatica, X.benthamii, X. frutescens, X. neglecta and X. sericea, where it was possible to verify that the species have shared anatomical characteristics, such as paracitic stomata, epidermal cells with straight walls, thin cuticle, bulky substomatic chambers and secretory channels. As well as the results referring to histochemical tests, which also revealed similarity between species, since of the ten tests performed, five reacted positively in all species. The compounds present in the species, perform ecological functions related to adaptations to the environment, such as reduced sweating, water storage, defense against herbivory and antifungal action. Despite the large number of shared characteristics, it was possible to separate them into groups, where the species X. frutescens and X. sericea are the most similar among the six. The results obtained are able to assist in taxonomic studies in the circumstance in which they suggest greater kinship between the species X. frutescens and X. sericea and X. amazonica and X. aromatica. The second chapter revealed that four anatomical attributes differ between the studied sites, namely, stomatal size, central rib bundle thickness, palisade parenchyma thickness and leaf wing thickness, thus, the mean annual precipitation and the seasonality index also influenced the variation of these tissues, except the thickness of the leaf wing. Although some attributes do not vary between sites and are not related to environmental variables, they showed a higher value for intraspecific variability, such as the thickness of the adaxial and abaxial epidermis, stomatal density and thickness of the lacunous parenchyma. This study shows that X. amazônica presents a difference in the anatomical attributes between the different sites and that these differences are closely linked to environmental factors, more especially the average annual precipitation.

Future climate changes and modifications in land use and land cover are anthropic processes of threats to global biodiversity. For the conservation and restoration processes of impacted areas to be efficient, it is necessary to investigate the effects of climate change on local plant species. Here, we aim to understand which plant species, which are being used in the recovery process of impacted areas of the Cerrado-Amazon Transition, will support future climates. To verify whether species used in forest restoration will find suitable areas in the future throughout this transition, we model, using niche-based models, their present potential distributions by projecting them into the future climate (2070). We used eight modeling algorithms, three global climate models (GCMs) and selected models based on True Skill Statistic (TSS). The post hoc chi-square test showed significant differences among the present, optimistic future and pessimistic future for 45 species of the 48 modeled species. Our results indicated 15 species as most promising for restoration in the Cerrado-Amazon Transition considering future climate change scenarios. Ensemble models showed that climate change is expected to alter the geographic distribution of all selected species (15 species) and not selected (29 species), with that, we observe how the anthropic actions in relation to the climatic changes can modify the distributions of these species, with high suitability for some and low or loss of suitability for others, modifying the landscape and possibly the traditional life of many people who live from these species in the Transition Cerrado-Amazon region.

The use of protected cultivation systems for tomato plants has corroborated the agronomic viability of the crop, but plastic coverings and/or polycarbonate can bring a different dynamic regarding production in regions with humid tropical climate by interfering in the environmental conditions of cultivation for the species. The present study aims to analyze physiological and productive aspects of tomato hybrids of determined habit of the salad group influenced by protected cultivation environments covered with polycarbanate and agricultural film and open field, in summer cultivation in a transition region between Cerrado and Amazon, in Sinop /Mt. 'Thaise', 'Trucker' and 'DS0060' salad tomato hybrids were cultivated in a protected environment covered with agricultural film (FA) and another with polycarbonate (P) and under field conditions. The hybrids Thaise and Trucker showed high productivity 92.6 and 88.2 t ha-1 in the environment covered with polycarbonate, respectively. The fruits of the hybrid 'Thaíse' showed higher antioxidant activity.

Pará nut is an important forest species in the Amazon biome, and its economic exploitation is based on its timber and non-timber products, especially almonds. The northern region of Mato Grosso is mainly responsible for the production of Pará nuts in the state, and, moreover, for its edaphoclimatic conditions, has great potential for the development of homogeneous and intercropped production systems. In forest agroecosystems, especially homogeneous plantations, the occurrence of damage by pest insects is one of the main obstacles to productive success. In general, the orders Coleoptera and Blattodea (Termitoidea), are of high economic relevance since they can under certain management conditions cause deterioration of forest individuals, seedling mortality, damage to the root system, and other injuries. Thus, this work evaluated the occurrence of termites and coleobrocas in native and homogeneous systems of Pará nuts in the north of Mato Grosso. In the evaluation of coleobrocas (Subfamily Scolytinae) associated with these production systems, three Brazil nuts were studied: Native Anthropized Planting nut, Homogeneous Planting nut and Preserved Native Planting nut. In each environment, 12 modified Pet-Santa Maria traps were used during four sampling periods in the biennium (2018-2019). The collected material was identified at species level and the data submitted to faunal analysis, correlation and clustering. A total of 2,356 scolitans were sampled in 36 species in the three Brazil nut trees. Conserved Native Castanhal had the highest species richness (30), followed by Homogeneous Planting nut (27) and Anthropized Native Planting nut (27). The species Xyleborus affinis (Eichhoff, 1868) was classified as superdominant in the three environments, being considered a species of great economic importance for cultivated forest systems. The study of the occurrence of Cerambycidae coleobrocas was conducted in the area of the Homogeneous Planting nut with 12 ethanolic traps in four sampling periods between 2018 and 2019. In this survey a total of 28 individuals were distributed, distributed in 6 species, being Trachyderes succinctus (Linnaeus, 1758) and Chlorida festiva (Linnaeus, 1758) the most representative, which are also recorded attacking several forest species of economic interest. Cerambicidae abundance was correlated with climatic variables (temperature, relative humidity and precipitation), with no significance. In order to study the occurrence and spatial distribution of termites in the Homogeneous Castanhal, a 40-point grid sampling was adopted, and at each point buried cellulosic traps were buried at 20 cm depth, which remained in the field for 40 days. A total of 1405 individuals were sampled, of which 396 (28.1%) belong to the genus Nasutitermes and 1009 (71.8%) to the species Heterotermes tenuis (Hagen, 1858). The spatial distribution analyzed by the Morisita index indicated that the distribution pattern is of the aggregate type. The results obtained in this study demonstrate that the monitoring of coleobrocas and termites in native and homogeneous Pará nut systems are fundamental for the development of integrated pest management strategies, as well as for the understanding of the ecological dynamics of these agents in the systems forestry.

Maise (Zea mays L) belongs to the Poaceae family to the genus zea. It constitutes a species of great economic importance, in addition to having a relevant role for traditional populations and family farming, it also has great diversity of use, ranging from human food, animal feed and raw material for agro-industries of different branches. Being an allogamous species with one of the greatest genetic variability among species of cultivated plants, the result of human selection and climatic adaptations suffered by the species over time, which allows its production in different environments all over the world. For all these attributes, maize is present in most small rural properties and, in several of them, the cultivated varieties have been maintained and cultivated throughout the generations. Usually, the maize variety is selected and maintained by these farmers for certain specific purposes of their property (human and animal food, silage production, flours) and, over time, adapted to the management and characteristics of their growing region. The practice of cultivating low-tech Creole maize often occurs on family properties, especially subsistence ones. Under these conditions, the cultivation of Creole maize results in a satisfactory productive yield, allowing the producer to make use of the selected seeds from one crop to another, through the practice of mass selection of the most vigorous plants. The present work aimed to characterize the genetic divergence by means of morphological characters of local varieties of Creole maize grown in the municipality of CarlindaMT and to work with the use of experimentation in the development of a research with high school students of E. E. Frei Caneca using a variety of Creole maize of scientific methodology. Ten varieties acquired from the producers were selected and 16 morpho-agronomic characters were evaluated, eight quantitative and eight qualitative. For the characterization of genetic diversity, the Principal Component Analysis method was used, based on the measures of dissimilarities obtained with the Mahalanobis Distance, using the computational resource of the GENES program. Principal component analyzes were useful to indicate the xii characteristics that most influenced the response variable. The characters that most discriminated the varieties were ear height, number of grain rows and average ear diameter. The graphic dispersion based on the first two main components revealed the formation of two distinct groups among the ten evaluated varieties, showing the intraspecific genetic diversity of the genotypes. The use of experimentation in the classroom, with research involving Creole maize, based on scientific methods, was carried out with high school students. The activities carried out through the development of this experiment with theoretical and practical activities in a school environment allowed the student to develop, in addition to skills related to understanding the content, a critical awareness regarding the preservation of the environment with the use of sustainable production practices, in addition to allow the development of practical work. The study was carried out at the Frei Caneca State School, in the municipality of Carlinda - MT, from April to July 2019. The development of the research took place in meetings with theoretical and practical activities and whose final objective was to develop with the participants a scientific work with the evaluation of pollen viability and post meiotic index in a variety of Creole maize that was planted in the schoolyard for this purpose, also included the application of a pre-questionnaire and at the end a post-questionnaire with the objective of assessing learning during the project development process. The activities carried out through the development of this experiment with theoretical and practical activities in a school environment allow the student to develop, in addition to skills related to understanding the content, a critical awareness regarding the preservation of the environment with the use of sustainable production practices, in addition to allow the development of practical work. The use of knowledge and methodology produced in the scientific environment in the teaching of biology contents enabled, in addition to formal and non-formal educational practice and its complementarity and the development of scientific education / culture, also contributed to the strengthening of teamwork, companionship and greater interaction between the segments involved in the project, developing a strategy that contributed to popularize science, enrich formal education and reinforce alternative modes of learning.