The biodiversity of the Amazon plays an essential role in the global climate balance. However, unsustainable agricultural practices and illegal activities have caused the degradation of these resources, compromising the region's ability to maintain key ecosystems. The adoption of ecological practices, such as silvopastoral systems (SSPs), which integrate trees, pastures and animals, has shown positive results, both for recovering degraded areas and for adapting to climate change. However, the transition from conventional livestock farming, based on pasture monoculture, to silvopastoral systems still faces significant socio-cultural challenges. This study analyzed the transcripts of 17 semi-structured interviews conducted with farmers who adopted silvopastoral systems in 2019, seeking to understand the changes in the relationship between man and nature as well as the sociocultural factors that influenced and were influenced by this practice. The results highlight that the introduction of SSPs has brought a new appreciation of biodiversity and trees in the ecosystem. Technical advice played a crucial role in the adoption of SSPs, promoting mutual trust between technicians and farmers and creating an environment of constant learning. Collective organization and the active participation of farmers in community activities proved to be fundamental in overcoming the operational obstacles related to setting up the areas, as well as learning the new production practices. The lack of manpower to constantly manage the area was the most decisive aspect identified as hindering the successful development of the areas

Climate change is seen as one of the great challenges to be solved by humanity. On the other hand, taking measures to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions is seen as an obstacle by some international entities and organizations, as industrial activities, land use, among many others related to production, are considered leaders in the emission of polluting gases. In this sense, methodologies have been developed that aim to promote the capture of carbon dioxide or other greenhouse gases, determining and quantifying this activity in proportions equivalent to carbon dioxide. Currently, some private companies are part of the so-called voluntary carbon market, applying rigorous control and verification methods to projects that propose to capture and store carbon or equivalents through the application of these methodologies. Even though it is not new, the topic is not yet part of the routine of the population of several regions of Brazil, including the Intermediate Geographic Region of Sinop, an area delimited for this study and characterized by being a region of eminently agricultural commercial activities. This research aimed to establish a general overview regarding the presence of these private companies in the delimited region. To this end, publicly provided data was analyzed. The data was obtained through research on interactive panels and official platforms of voluntary carbon market companies. As a result, data such as the total extension of the area used, as well as the predicted emission reduction for each project, are presented. It is concluded that this market has undergone rapid and significant evolution in recent years in the region, with several projects presented in the last seven years, demonstrating the increased interest of the local population in the subject.

This study analyzes the role of unconventional food plants (PANCs) in the rural Amazon, aiming to integrate traditional knowledge with scientific evidence to document ancestral wisdom associated with these species and investigate their food, medicinal, and cosmetic uses. A qualitative approach was employed through semi-structured interviews with 30 local farmers (14 men and 16 women), along with direct observations and botanical inventories. The interviewees’ ages ranged from 32 to 77 years, and their agricultural experience ranged from 4 to 74 years. From these methods, 170 species were identified, distributed among 64 botanical families, with taioba, ora-pro-nóbis, and aloe vera standing out as the most frequent. Results showed that 93.3% of the species are used as food, 86.7% have medicinal applications, and 36.7% are used in cosmetic production. Knowledge about PANCs is primarily transmitted through family and community channels, although formal training also plays a relevant role in expanding access and perpetuating this traditional knowledge. Cultural, economic, and environmental barriers still limit large-scale cultivation and commercialization, highlighting the need for public policies and initiatives that recognize these plants as a strategic resource for food security, health promotion, and biodiversity conservation. It is concluded that integrating PANCs into agricultural and food systems can be an effective strategy to address contemporary challenges related to health, sustainability, and socioeconomic development. Strengthening and disseminating this knowledge through educational programs and community initiatives can foster greater autonomy among rural communities, diversify diets, and enhance local income, thus ensuring the preservation of socio-environmental heritage.

The fish Pterodoras granulosus, belonging to the Doradidae family (Siluriforme), is native to the lower Teles Pires and is now widely distributed in the middle and upper reaches of the river. The aim of this research was to verify the distribution of the species along the Teles Pires River, as well as to investigate ecological aspects related to feeding and reproductive biology. The study used information from the database of the Southern Amazon Ichthyology Laboratory - LIAM, as well as on-site collections in the middle Teles Pires from November 2023 to August 2024, as authorized by the Chico Mendes Institute for Biodiversity Conservation - ICMBio, governed by Normative Instruction No. ICMBio Ordinance No. 748/2022.  The specimens collected were photographed and identified as to sex and stage of gonadal maturation. Fish measurements (standard length, weight and intestinal length) were obtained for biometry. Stomach contents were analysed using the frequency of occurrence, gravimetric frequency and food index methods. Samples of fish fillets were collected to confirm the trophic guild by means of carbon and nitrogen isotope signatures, analyzed by the Stable Isotope Centre, linked to the Biosciences Institute of UNESP in Botucatu, where the internationally considered standards are Vienna Peedee Belemnite limestone (V-PDB) for carbon and atmospheric N2 for nitrogen.  For the mercury analyses, 60 muscle samples weighing 50 grams were filleted and sent to the Ichthyology Laboratory of the Northern Pantanal (LIPAN), Cáceres Campus, Mato Grosso State University, where they were analysed in accordance with Ordinance No. 685 of 27 August 1998 and Resolution of the National Health Surveillance Agency: ‘RDC n°42, of 29 August 2013 which regulates the Maximum Levels of Chemical Contaminants in Food’ The 417 specimens collected were classified into 9 size classes, with the smallest being (10.00cm) and the largest (88.00cm) of Standard Length. The frequency of occurrence of the items found indicates that the species, although omnivorous, does not have a very varied diet, with the most significant items being plant remains (23.26 per cent), spawn (15.58 per cent) and bivalves (9.35 per cent). The Food Importance Index (IAi) showed that for fish from the lower reaches of the Teles Pires River, the most important food item was plant remains, followed by bivalves. For fish from the middle Teles Pires, the most important food item was fish food, followed by plant remains. In terms of carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N) isotopic signatures, P. granulosus has an impoverished diet, indicating a greater association with C3 plants with values of δ13C -33.4 (2.3 dp.) and δ15N 10.1 (0.5 dp.) Of the fish analysed, 59% were male and 41% female. The proportion of males collected was higher during the flood, ebb and dry periods. Females predominated only in the flood period. Only fish over 31cm are reproducing. Of the 60 fish samples analysed, 36% showed concentrations of between 0.62 and 1.94mg/Kg of mercury, indicating high quantities for this species. Based on the data analysed, P. granulosus is an omnivorous fish with a tendency to herbivory, which shows orthogenetic changes, opting for the most abundant food at that time. As for reproduction, the species is migratory and reproduces during the rainy season, when there is a greater availability of food.

Amazonian soils have low fertility, limiting agricultural production. Phosphorus (P) is an essential nutrient for plant growth and development; however, its high adsorption in soil reduces its availability to them. This work aimed to study the adjustment of the Langmuir, BET, Freundlich and Sips isotherm constants in soils of different uses (teak, pasture, degraded pasture, soybean and native forest) in the Southern Amazon, seeking to understand the dynamics of phosphorus and its fractions. Soil samples were collected in the municipalities of Alta Floresta and Paranaíta - Mato Grosso.  P adsorption isotherms were constructed using the mentioned models. The results indicated that the Sips model presented the best fit for most samples, highlighting the complexity of the phosphorus adsorption process in soils with different uses. This study deepens the understanding of phosphorus dynamics in Amazonian soils, providing essential support for the development of sustainable management strategies. Optimizing the use of phosphate fertilizers, reducing costs and mitigating environmental impacts directly depend on knowledge of phosphorus adsorption processes in the soil. To achieve this, it is crucial to consider the interaction between multiple factors, including the different phosphorus fractions, the adsorption models used and the relationship between the adsorption constants. The integrated approach to these elements makes it possible to improve the efficiency of phosphorus use, promoting agricultural productivity and the conservation of Amazonian ecosystems.

Fertilizers play a key role in high agricultural productivity. However, with price volatility, geopolitical tensions in the supply sources of the input and conflicts in the Middle East, doubts arise regarding the integrity of the products launched on the market, making it essential to carry out quality control in order to ensure consumers the rights granted to them. The research was justified by the recent news of fraud in fertilizers in the southern region of the country. The highest rates of adulteration were reported in fertilizers composed of macronutrients, and this proportion is justified by the greater commercial demand for these products. With the spotlight on this issue, questions regarding the quality of fertilizers sold in other regions of Brazil came to the fore. Therefore, the objective of this research is to evaluate the quality of fertilizers sold in the municipality of Alta Floresta - Mato Grosso, since this microregion is an important agricultural frontier on the rise. The methodology used was a bibliographic review together with the quantitative one, and statistical tests were also performed to compare two parameters of a binomial distribution. The research also presented secondary analysis of data based on technical reports issued in 2023 and 2024 by one of the accredited soil laboratories in the northern region of Mato Grosso, which annually receives hundreds of analyses from consumers in this microregion. Among the nutrients analyzed, 54% of the overall results were considered acceptable (AC) and 46% unacceptable (NAC), showing that almost half of the fertilizers do not fully meet the regulatory requirements. When evaluating the elements individually, it was found that potassium had the highest compliance rate (82%), followed by calcium, which reached 100% compliance. In contrast, nutrients such as P₂O₅ CNA+H₂O (56%) and sulfur (67%) recorded lower percentages of adequacy, demonstrating a need for greater control in the formulation of these inputs. Nitrogen analysis revealed 66% compliance, while total P₂O₅ showed 61% compliance with regulatory standards. It is suggested that monitoring be intensified, promoting the encouragement of production of products with levels corresponding to legal parameters.

"In the 'arc of deforestation', illegal logging threatens Amazonian woody species, exacerbated by the use of common names that lead to identification errors in forest inventories. After cutting, the loss of essential anatomical characteristics of wood requires macroscopic or microscopic analyses, whose effectiveness depends on the observer's experience. FTIR-ATR spectroscopy stands out as a rapid and non-destructive method for species distinction, applicable in forensic examinations and biodiversity conservation. This work evaluated the potential of FTIR-ATR associated with solid-liquid extraction to discriminate woods of Amazonian species, using multivariate analysis. Samples of Bertholletia excelsa, Swietenia macrophylla, Schizolobium amazonicum, Cedrella fissilis, Theobroma cacao, and Theobroma grandiflorum were analyzed. Collections took place in Alta Floresta/MT, at the CEPLAC experimental area, with the extraction of a radial tube from 12 trees per species. Each tube was sectioned into 5 parts to assess the effect of collection position, totaling 360 samples. The treatment was previously selected by comparing the spectral discrimination of Tectona grandis and Khaya senegalensis in acetone, chloroform extracts, and in natura form. Solvent extracts showed higher classification percentages, especially chloroform. Solid-liquid extraction resulted in more accurate models in the classification of samples, demonstrating applicability for Amazonian species."

The fragmentation of forest habitats poses a crucial challenge for biodiversity conservation, particularly in the Southern Amazon. This study aimed to assess the biodiversity of medium- and large-sized vertebrates in urban forest fragments located in the municipality of Alta Floresta, in the northern part of the state of Mato Grosso, Brazil. To this end, six linear transects ranging from 320 to 428 meters in length were established in different urban remnants, which were surveyed between January and April 2024. The distance sampling technique was applied, using the R software for detection modeling and for calculating the density of the most frequently recorded species, the tufted capuchin monkey (Sapajus apella). In addition, a survey was conducted to identify other large vertebrate species present in these fragments. The data revealed that, even under anthropogenic pressure, the urban forests of Alta Floresta host a significant diversity of vertebrates, including several threatened species. Species such as Sapajus apella, Ateles marginatus, and Didelphis marsupialis stood out for their higher detection rates. These results reaffirm the need to maintain the connectivity of urban forest remnants as a strategy for biodiversity conservation. Transect sampling demonstrated limited efficiency in monitoring vertebrates in urbanized areas, as greater sampling effort would be required to provide adequate data for management planning and biodiversity-aligned public policies.

Livestock farming plays a fundamental role in the Brazilian economy, with the country being the global leader in commercial cattle farming and maintaining a vast herd of around 209 million head. However, the productivity of pasture-based systems still faces challenges related to the inadequate management of animals, plants and soils, leading to the degradation of pastures and the replacement of these areas with crops, with detrimental consequences such as loss of biodiversity, deforestation and decreased soil fertility. Grazing systems offer advantages in terms of reduced costs, but face limitations due to the quality of tropical forage, are affected by seasonal cycles in tropical regions with a reduction in the availability food during the dry season, as well as challenges associated with animal welfare. To face these challenges, it is important to adopt management practices that benefit animal health, reduce external inputs, use local inputs, optimize the efficiency of production systems and combine animal and forage species. An interesting approach is the use of tree species whose leaves and fruit can be used in animal feed, because as well as improving the nutritional value of the diet, they provide shade and thermal comfort for the animals and can also have a positive impact on the soil. The aim of this research is to assess the potential for using the fruit of Samanea tubulosa, known as bordão de velho, in the northern region of Mato Grosso, in cattle feed on pasture. The research work is divided into three chapters: the first investigates the morphological characteristics of Samanea tubulosa trees present in pastures and their relationship with visual aspects of forage quality and availability; the second evaluates the nutritional quality of the fruits of this species through bromatological analysis and in vitro digestibility and fermentation; finally, the third chapter examines the differences in behavior and weight gain of animals supplemented with the fruits of the tree compared to animals on traditional pastures. The results point to the great potential of Samanea tubulosa as a key species for pasture systems in the Amazon region, given its favorable conformation for intercropping with forage plants, not interfering negatively with pasture availability, its nutritional potential, given the crude protein and non-fibrous carbohydrate contents, and the greater weight gain of the pasture animals supplemented with its fruit.

Stingless bees (ASF) (Hymenoptera: Meliponini) are insects belonging to the order Hymenoptera, the largest taxonomic group of insects comprising bees, wasps and ants. They are important pollinators of angiosperms in natural and agricultural ecosystems and are crucial for food production. The populations of these bees have been severely affected for various reasons, including the construction of hydroelectric power plants. The construction of hydroelectric projects requires changes to the landscape and causes significant environmental damage, as it causes flooding in large areas of forest, fragmenting and reducing habitat, preventing gene flow, interrupting the natural course of rivers, destroying local fauna and flora and interfering with intense human occupation; among other impacts. Many of these bee species have not yet been identified or cataloged and are unknown to the scientific community. Therefore, the objectives of this work were: to survey the diversity of ASF species that occur in the northern region of Mato Grosso in the south of the Brazilian Amazon; to identify the success rates of meliponid rescue during the plant suppression phase at the UHE Teles Pires and UHE Colíder hydroelectric projects; among others. With regard to the results, the number of nests rescued varied greatly: the area of vegetation suppressed at HPP Teles Pires was 152 km2 and 164 nests were found, and at HPP Colíder it was 143.5 km2, in which 2683 nests were rescued. However, the number of species was close in the two areas, suggesting differences in the collection efficiency of the rescue teams, as the nest abundance values are discrepant when comparing the two areas. As a result, it is clear that there are gaps in the planning, rescue and scientific rescue of meliponids in the hydroelectric projects in question, where the opening up of new areas has a direct impact on the conservation and preservation of various groups of fauna, and it is the responsibility of environmental agencies such as IBAMA to issue licenses and supervise the works. In addition, the identification of bee species generated faunal inventories where the information can support the planning of future projects that make alternative use of the land, which is extremely important for knowledge of biodiversity, as well as enabling the development of new methodologies for the rescue and salvage of meliponids.

Climate change represents an imminent threat to the planet, with projections of an increase in global temperatures, particularly affecting all terrestrial ecosystems, such as tropical forests. This study investigated the relationship between leaf thermotolerance and morphoanatomical attributes in tree species from the Amazon savanna, aiming to understand how structural characteristics can predict the ability of leaves to deal with high temperatures. We carried out field research in Nova Canaã do Norte, Mato Grosso, in an area close to the Teles Pires River, characterized as Amazonian rocky savanna. We determined leaf thermotolerance and morphoanatomical attributes of deciduous and evergreen species. Most species presented upper thermal limits above the maximum recorded temperatures, and future projections indicated alarming T50 estimates (loss of 50% of PSII function) for these species. We evidenced a significant influence of lacune parenchyma, abaxial epidermis thickness, leaf thickness, stomatal opening and density on leaf thermotolerance. Deciduous species showed greater sensitivity, indicating a high sensitivity to future warming. We highlight the proximity of the thermal limits of tropical trees to the maximum temperatures experienced, pointing to a high sensitivity to future warming. Deciduous species are particularly sensitive, suggesting drastic changes in the composition and structure of Amazonian Savanna forests. We demonstrated that certain morphoanatomical attributes can play crucial roles in the ability of leaves to deal with thermal variations. This finding suggests that understanding the morphoanatomical bases may be fundamental for predicting species' responses to future climate change.

Human intervention in natural resources, although playing a crucial role, often results in negative impacts, leading to environmental degradation. This phenomenon is particularly evident in areas such as tree species, pastures, legumes, and silvopastoral systems, where improper exploitation and unsustainable practices contribute to biodiversity loss and ecosystem service decline. In tree species, pastures, and legumes used in animal production, the growing demand for animal-derived food has driven intensive practices, such as deforestation and overgrazing, resulting in soil degradation and a reduction in forage quality. Even in silvopastoral systems, which aim to integrate trees, pastures, and animals in a balanced way, inappropriate human intervention can lead to resource competition, compromising productive efficiency and environmental resilience. Faced with these challenges, a sustainable approach becomes crucial to mitigate adverse impacts. Silvopastoral systems offer a promising alternative, emphasizing the need for strategies that consider not only animal production but also the conservation of natural resources. Resource competition between trees and pastures, if not managed properly, can impair the productive efficiency and environmental resilience of these systems. Recognizing the complexity of the interaction between human intervention and natural resources allows for working towards solutions that balance agricultural production needs with long-term environmental preservation. Given the importance of Chloroleucon acacioides and the interest of farmer groups in the region to better understand its ecossystemic role, the objective of this research was to examine the contribution of this species to soil fertility, forage quality, and availability.

The Amazon is often at the heart of global environmental discussions due to its vast biodiversity and ecological significance. A crucial aspect of this complexity is the symbiotic relationship between indigenous peoples and the Amazon. These communities, holders of ancient knowledge and practices, are recognized as the most effective protectors of the forest. This study, adopting an interdisciplinary approach that intertwines anthropology and law, aims to understand the dynamics between indigenous peoples and the land, and how this relationship contributes to environmental conservation, preventing deforestation and environmental degradation. Through a deductive method and employing systematic bibliographic research with a qualitative focus, this analysis uses pre-analyzed data to discuss the definitions of traditional peoples, indigenous lands, and the role of these lands in environmental protection and the preservation of Amazonian biodiversity. The investigation includes a systematic review of books, scientific articles, legislation, jurisprudence, technical notes, news, and resources from official websites of national and international public institutions, as well as renowned civil society organizations, focused on indigenous peoples, environmental protection programs, indigenous legislation, and forest research. Studies from the exact sciences integrated into the research confirm the efficiency of indigenous lands as mechanisms of environmental preservation, surpassing other forms of conservation units not only in territories without official title but also when compared to different types of protected areas. However, the research highlights that there are still numerous challenges to ensuring the rights of indigenous peoples and the preservation of their territories, facing threats of a social, economic, and, more recently, legislative nature. In summary, this study highlights the vital importance of indigenous peoples in the protection of the Amazon, emphasizing the complexity of the challenges faced in maintaining this symbiotic relationship and the effectiveness of indigenous lands in environmental conservation. It underscores the need for a deep and interdisciplinary understanding to underpin policies and actions that ensure the continuity of this essential protection for the preservation of global biodiversity.

Protected crops provide beneficial microclimatic changes to plants, by interfering with metabolism due to the reduction in quantitative levels of solar, diffuse and photosynthetically active radiation (PAR). This makes it possible to increase productivity and quality, in different crops, in different seasons and climatic conditions. The objective of this study was to evaluate the functional compounds of five colorful grape tomato hybrids in two protected environments, covered with alveolar polycarbonate plates (P) with continuous water circulation and an environment with 150 mm diffuser agricultural film (FA), under the tropical climatic conditions of the northern Amazon of Mato Grosso. The experiment was carried out at the Embrapa Agrossilvopastoril unit from May to October 2023 in Sinop-MT. The experimental design was DBC in a 2x5 factorial scheme (02 systems Polycarbonate (P) and Agricultural Film (FA) and 05 hybrids – Guaracy, Jacy 95, BS48, G9618 and G7545) with four replications, totaling 40 plots. The experiment was conducted in a semi-hydroponic production system in pots containing commercial substrate and carbonized rice (1:1). The nutrient solutions were applied via drip fertigation. Colorimetry and brix analyzes were carried out as qualitative factors. There was no difference in the soluble solids content between the environments and hybrids evaluated and the interaction between them. Regarding colorimetry, the G7545 hybrids stood out in the Chroma variable 41.25º and 44.50º and G7545 Hue Angle 57º in both PA and Polycarbonate systems, respectively. Regarding chemical and biochemical analyses, the FA environment presented better results over P, the antioxidant levels (DPPH and ABTS) 10.39%, 11.32% were higher in the P environment compared to FA. In relation to productivity, the polycarbonate environment was superior to agricultural film by 12.48% for plants grown in the P environment in relation to the FA environment. This result is due to the reduction in luminosity, reflection and absorption of diffuse radiation, intercepted and filtered by the circulation of water in the cover of the P environment. The hybrids tested in protected cultivation obtained good results, highlighting the polycarbonate cover with water circulation for productivity. The hybrids G9618, G7545 and Jacy 95 showed average productivity of 11.62%, 12.56% and 12.95% (kg ha-1) in a polycarbonate (P) environment in relation to agricultural film (FA).

 The Legal Amazon has received special protection throughout Brazil's history, as recorded in the 1946 Constitution, in its article 199, which mandates the Brazilian State to promote the development of the Amazon region. This region, initially called the Brazilian Amazon, was later renamed the Legal Amazon. The objective of this thesis is to present the hypothesis of whether or not there is an influence of normative changes, where legislative evolution and decrees and legal norms can affect deforestation rates in the region, based on cartographic data from the National Institute for Space Research – INPE, through the survey of deforestation in the Legal Amazon from 1988 to 2023. The methodology used in this work was the hypothetic-deductive method, formulating hypotheses and conducting quantitative comparison tests correlating with deforestation rates in the Legal Amazon. A greater correlation in the reduction of deforestation in the Amazon region with legislative or normative changes was observed when changes were made by decree no. 5523 of 2005 and decree no. 6514 of 2008, and the entry into force of the New Forest Code of 2012, when in 2012, the lowest deforestation rate in the period from 1988 to 2023 was noted. In the State of Mato Grosso, there is a correlation in the year 2008 with decree no. 6514 of 2008 and in 2012 with the New Forest Code, as well as a notable correlation in the year 2022, when Bill - PL no. 337/2022, sought to remove the State of Mato Grosso from the Legal Amazon.

Brazil stands out as a major agroforestry producer and therefore, the larger the planted area, the greater the damage caused by insect pests in plantations, among which the Spodoptera frugiperda caterpillar (J.E. Smith) stands out. Considering the growing increase in phytosanitary products used in plantations to control different species of insect pests, in order to avoid risks to human health and the environment, studies with plant insecticides have been growing. Among these plants with insecticidal potential, Apeiba tibourbou Aubl stands out. belonging to the Malvaceae family, which occurs in tropical regions of South and Central America and in Brazilian territory in the Amazon, Cerrado, Caatinga and Atlantic Forest regions, popularly known as monkey comb or pau-de-jangada. This species presents a great diversity of secondary metabolites with a variety of chemical compounds that act in the defense mechanism against herbivory, such as steroids, terpenoids, alkaloids, saponins as well as phenolic substances, such as tannins and flavonoids. Therefore, this work presents two chapters, the first evaluates the bioactivity of hydroethanol extracts from the leaf and bark of A. tibourbou in different concentrations on S. frugiperda in contact and ingestion bioassays. Hydroethanolic extracts of the leaf and bark were prepared at concentrations of: 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8%, and mortality was evaluated as a result of the days until the end of the larval period, caterpillar weight, pupa weight, larval time and pupal. It was observed that the extracts had significant effects on the duration of larval and pupal time, causing the lengthening of these phases, and presenting a mortality of 40% of Spodoptera caterpillars in the lowest concentrations at the end of the larval period. In the second chapter, the toxicity of extracts produced with different solvents of A. tibourbou on S. frugiperda was analyzed. For this purpose, different solvents were used to prepare the leaf and bark extracts: hexane, acetone, ethyl acetate and methyl alcohol in a bioassay of Ingestion with an artificial diet and a natural diet with cabbage (Brassica oleracea). It was observed in the bioassays that there was a greater mortality of the caterpillars when they were subjected to hexane-based extracts and these also interfered with the development of the caterpillars. Thus, the species Apeiba tibourbou presents itself as a promising species for controlling S. frugiperda.

Environmental education and school inclusion are fundamental in the contemporary educational context, especially in Brazil, where social diversity and educational inequalities are persistent challenges. In the municipality of Alta Floresta, Mato Grosso, the state public education system faces the challenge of integrating environmental education practices with the inclusion of students with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Environmental education, as outlined in the National Curriculum Parameters, is interdisciplinary and practical, offering opportunities for cognitive, social, and emotional development of students, including those with autism. However, the school inclusion of these students still faces structural and pedagogical barriers. The diagnosis of ASD encompasses a wide range of behavioral manifestations, requiring a personalized educational approach and continuous training of educators. Active participation of a multidisciplinary team and families is essential for the success of inclusion.
This study investigates how environmental education contributes to the inclusion of students with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) in the state public education system in the municipality of Alta Floresta, Mato Grosso. The research seeks to understand how pedagogical practices focused on environmental education are being implemented in local public schools and how these practices contribute to the inclusion of students with autism. Structured in two chapters, the study examines the role of public schools in ensuring the right to quality education for all students and focuses on the perception of education professionals about environmental and inclusive education. Using a qualitative and quantitative approach, the professional profile of the participating teachers was outlined, the Political Pedagogical Project (PPP) of the school was analyzed, as well as the pedagogical practices and strategies used by educators to adapt environmental activities to the specific needs of students with ASD, and the challenges faced in the inclusion process. The results reveal that, although environmental education is a valuable tool for the cognitive and social development of these students, there are still barriers related to teacher training and adequate pedagogical resources. It is concluded that effective integration between environmental education and inclusion requires investments in continuous teacher training and public policies that promote greater articulation between inclusive pedagogical practices and environmental themes, aiming at creating a more welcoming and inclusive school environment. Furthermore, it favors the integral development of students with ASD and the formation of socio-environmentally engaged citizens.

A Bertholletia excelsa, também conhecida como castanha-do-brasil ou castanheira, é uma espécie arbórea pertencente à família Lecythidaceae. É endêmica do domínio Amazônico e nesse ambiente tem como habitat as áreas de terras não inundáveis (terras firmes). A coleta da castanha é fator de geração de renda para as comunidades amazônicas que praticam o extrativismo, sendo o produto florestal não madeireiro mais conhecido nos mercados domésticos e de exportação. A legislação brasileira não permite a exploração de sua madeira, ou mesmo seu corte em áreas com desflorestamento legalizado. O resultado disto são áreas homogêneas com extensas áreas de pastagens ou de lavouras de soja nas áreas de fronteira agrícola com presença de castanheiras isoladas vivas ou mortas. Tendo em vista as importâncias ecológicas, socioeconômicas e o grau de ameaça que as castanheiras encontram, este trabalho pretendeu avaliar a mortalidade das castanheiras e os fatores que possam interferir na viabilidade reprodutiva destas castanheiras isoladas na paisagem. Os dados sobre as castanheiras isoladas na paisagem foram coletados no ano de 2017 no município de Alta Floresta, e dentro do Parque Nacional do Juruena no município de Apiacás, região sul da Amazônia brasileira. Nós avaliamos a taxa de mortalidade das castanheiras, comparamos os tamanhos de suas copas nas árvores isoladas e dentro da floresta, a visitação de possíveis polinizadores e a produção de frutos em castanheiras isoladas a diferentes distâncias dos fragmentos florestais. Nossos resultados mostraram que mesmo uma legislação específica para a proteção das castanheiras isoladas não é suficiente para evitar suas mortes a longo prazo e que hoje não são sequer viáveis geneticamente. Elas sofrem uma taxa de mortalidade natural de 1,25% ao ano, suas copas ficam menores quando isoladas e a maioria delas não produziu frutos, independentemente da visitação de abelhas e das distâncias dos fragmentos florestais. A mortalidade está fortemente associada à ação de raios e ventos e a não produção de frutos deve ocorrer por outros motivos que não a ausência de polinizadores.

The commercial Conilon coffee plantations in Mato Grosso are undergoing transformations with the adoption of new technologies. Regardless of the technological level, the regional climate determines the success of the crop, making or not the maximum agricultural efficiency possible. The northwest region of Mato Grosso, composed of seven municipalities, has the largest amount of cultivated areas with coffee when compared to the other internal regions of the state, and the municipality of Colniza has the largest concentration of plantations in the state. It is essential to know the spatial distribution of coffee activity to measure and plan its growth, as well as to efficiently structure the storage and commercialization of the production. In the first chapter, the study aimed to evaluate the annual and monthly rainfall variability, define the probability of monthly precipitation, employing mean, standard deviation and inverse gamma distribution functions from Excel version 365. Also for the climate analysis, the monthly and annual SPI drought index was calculated via the SPEI package in the RStudio program. To realization of the study the daily rainfall records were surveyed, adding up the totals for each month of the historical series for each of the four rainfall stations of the National Agency for Water and Basic Sanitation - ANA - representing the Northwestern, Aripuanã Station (36 years), Colniza Station (21 years), Cotriguaçu Station (17 years) and Juína Station (36 years). At the end, it was possible to relate the estimated data in relation to the water requirement for coffee production. The second chapter proposed to develop an image processing technique, using scenes generated from the OLI / Landsat-8 sensor, applying the GEOBIA - GEographic Object-Based Image Analysis method, through JavaScript language implemented in the Google Earth Engine platform, to quantify the spatial distribution of coffee cultivation, using the Random Forest classifier, for the municipality of Colniza, the largest coffee producer in the state. For the processing were made the calculations of the vegetation indices NDVI - Normalized Differential Vegetation Index, EVI - Enhanced Vegetation Index and PVI - Perpendicular Vegetation Index, calculation GLCM - Grey Level Co-Ocurrense Matrix for characterization of the objects present in the image, in addition to 729 samples geolocated between coffee and non-coffee for classification and validation. The study observed that the annual and monthly rainfall distribution attends the minimum hydric needs for Conilon coffee in most of the year, with more than 50% probability of occurring rainfall close to the historical monthly average in the wettest months. The monthly SPI-1 index at the stations revealed a total of 56 very dry and 34 extremely dry months. Then, the annual SPI-12 index pointed to seven very dry and five extremely dry years. The mapping revealed a spatialization of 10,217.62 hectares, a quantity superior to the data informed by Conab - Companhia Nacional de Abastecimento (National Company of Food Supply) and IBGE - Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics), pointing to a concordance of 88% of Kappa and 94% for overall accuracy.

The changes in landscapes have been followed more intensely in recent decades, thanks to scientific advances, both in the field of technological improvement of satellites and in remote sensing techniques. Advanced and efficient machine learning techniques have helped remote sensing professionals to determine these changes, from the simplest to the most complex landscapes, allowing the identification of the most varied land uses and occupation, as well as the estimation of the areas that these uses occupy, allowing a more dynamic management of natural resources, especially in agricultural exploitation, providing reliable information to decision makers. Thus, the objective of this work is, through machine learning techniques, to estimate the area of sesame (Sesamum indicum) cultivation in the agricultural year 2021/2022, in the municipality of Canarana, in the state of Mato Grosso, comparing the performance of the Random Forest and Support Vector Machine (SVM) classifiers, using images from the Landsat 8/OLI satellite. For this, control points in geographic coordinates were collected in the study area, for the identification of areas cultivated with sesame, as a source of information for the supervised classification. For the elaboration of thematic maps, the vegetation indices NDVI, EVI, NDBI, PVI and SAVI were used along with the Landsat 8/OLI images. In the evaluation of the thematic maps, the Overall Accuracy and Kappa index were used as a rule, compared by the Z test, with significance of α=0.05. The test revealed that the Random Forest classifier showed better performance in identifying the sesame cultivated areas, with Global Accuracy of 0.95 and Kappa of 0.90, when compared to the SVM. Thus, the use of machine learning techniques in Landsat 8/OLI images proved satisfactory in the estimation of areas cultivated with sesame in the municipality of Canarana-MT, demonstrating confidence in the mapping.

The use of bacteria in different cultivars has become an interesting alternative due to its cost-effectiveness, its efficiency in controlling phytopathogens and its contribution to increasing plant productivity. Thus, the application of plant growth-promoting bacteria is considered one of the main strategies for reducing the use of chemical fertilizers. Therefore, the present study evaluates the agronomic efficiency of different dosages and modes of application (via seeds, foliar application and combination of both modes) of the liquid form of inoculants based on the bacteria Bacillus subtilis, Azospirillum brasilense and Pseudomonas fluorescens in plants of calendula (Calendula officinalis L.) with regard to germination aspects of seeds and plant development. For this, the research was divided into two stages, the first being carried out at the Laboratory of Seed Technology and Matology (LaSeM) of the State University of Mato Grosso - UNEMAT, Campus of Alta Floresta - MT, with the analysis of seed germinability . While the second stage was carried out in the field, with the collection and subsequent evaluation of marigold plants aiming at studying the initial, vegetative and reproductive development of plants under the effect of growth-promoting microorganisms, being carried out at LaSeM. The data obtained were submitted to analysis of variance and the measures of the treatments compared by the Tukey test (5%) with the aid of the SISVAR and R software. The results obtained corroborate the use of the analyzed bacteria as biological agents to promote the growth of calendula.

Livestock is one of the most relevant productive activities for the composition of income in rural areas in Mato Grosso, especially for family farming, but it is also one of the main causes of deforestation and loss of biodiversity in agricultural frontier regions, such as the Portal Territory. from the Amazon. Silvopastoral systems (SSP) have been used in the region as alternative management practices to extensive livestock. For them to be efficient, it is important to know the characteristics and influences of the different individuals that make up systems, such as tree species. In this context, the present study aimed to understand the effects of pequi tree (Caryocar brasiliense Camb.) shading on thermal comfort conditions for cattle (chapter 1) and soil quality (chapter 2) in a silvopastoral system in Terra Nova do Norte/MT. Microclimatic data were collected weekly, such as air temperature, black globe temperature, and relative air humidity under shade from 10 selected pequi trees and compared with data under full sun. From these data, two thermal comfort indices were calculated: THI (temperature and humidity index) and ITGU (global temperature and humidity index). Regarding soil quality, pH, MO, macro and micronutrients were evaluated at two depths (0-20 and 20-40cm) as chemical attributes, texture, density, macro and microporosity, as physical attributes, and enzymatic activity of arylsulfatase, β -glucosidase and acid phosphatase as biological attributes. Data on temperature, humidity and electrical conductivity of the soil were also collected. All soil variables were collected under 3 shading conditions (under canopy, canopy edge and full sun). In addition, suspended collectors were installed on the 10 pequi trees selected to survey the monthly input and litter quality, correlating with data on thermal comfort and soil quality. The shading of the pequi tree provided better microclimatic conditions in the area, reducing the temperature of the air and the black globe, increasing the relative humidity, and consequently presenting better indices of thermal comfort for the cattle. Litter input did not influence these results. As for the soil, the chemical, physical and biological data were mostly better in full sun, indicating the pequi tree, under the conditions of this SSP, does not contribute to soil quality.

When seeking improvements in teaching/learning processes, understanding how the process of knowledge construction occurs is a fundamental step in improving teaching praxis. In the teaching of Science and Biology, the lack of interest by size of the students for the botany contents is one of the biggest factors for the low understanding of the contents. However, it is evident that this lack of interest is caused by the lack of dynamization of classes, in a reality where professors are limited in the teaching methodology of theoretical classes. In this perspective, practical classes in the field with a focus on teaching botany become fundamental for the development of science classes, and fundamental to carry out the interaction between the student and his socio-environmental reality, since there is evidence of a lack of motivation on the part of students to teach. learning botany, and lack of contextualization of teaching with the reality of students. In addition, the lack of scientific work on the teaching of botany, with an even greater lack of studies on the Brazilian flora, spurred this study. Based on these questions, this work was divided into two chapters, with two main objectives. The first sought to develop an educational booklet containing a guide and lesson plans on an ecological interpretive trail of accessibility, with different botany content. In the second, it sought to carry out practical botany classes on the interpretative ecological trail of accessibility, in the laboratory and in the classroom to compare different teaching methods in order to test which method best responds to teaching praxis. With the elaboration of this study, a differentiated alternative is presented to enhance the teaching of science and botany content, so that they feel excited and involved in the teaching/learning process, enhancing the assimilation of the content. In addition, the results of this study demonstrate the relevance of working botany from the content level of each class and with practical classes. Thus, it is concluded that for the application of practical classes in the ecological trails and laboratory, it is essential to prepare such an environment, identify the species present on the trail, stopping points and knowledge about the public to be approached, in order to enhance the transmission and construction of knowledge, and raising students' awareness of the topic addressed. Finally, the objective of streamlining the teaching of botany, and providing greater understanding of the content by the students involved was achieved, since it was possible to observe their involvement in the stages of the activities carried out, and greater assimilation of the applied content.

The changes that occur in the environment put pressure on vegetation, making ecosystems more vulnerable, and these changes can lead to adjustments in plant structures. In this sense, the combination of leaf and wood attributes form useful parameters for understanding plant strategies, such as those related to water stress, contributing to understanding responses to climate change. We know that the combinations of leaf and wood attributes need to be studied more deeply, so in order to understand how species behave in relation to the environment in which they are inserted, our study aims to analyze and compare the strategies of co-occurring plants in the Cerrado-Amazon transition (Cerradão and Amazonian savanna), in order to understand the structure and function relationship between leaf and wood. We carried out the study in the Cerrado-Amazon transition region in the north of the State of Mato Grosso, in two municipalities, which are: Nova Canaã do Norte and Alta Floresta. We collected forty individuals of four woody species (Dacryodes microcarpa, Emmotum nitens, Myrcia splendens and Simarouba versicolor) with co-occurrence in both areas. For each sample, we performed morphoanatomical measurements of leaf and wood attributes, in addition to estimated height, diameter at breast height and individual density. Several variations of leaf and stem attributes were found between species and we observed that there are some patterns in relation to intraspecific variability, such as the leaf area of individuals being greater in cerradão, except for the species S. versicolor. The first axis of the PCA was associated with characteristics related to efficiency in water use, regulation of water loss and hydraulic security and the second axis with characteristics related to photosynthetic rate and water transport. We observed that “Phytophysiognomy” explained low variation for most attributes, “Species” presented a high percentage for leaf and wood characteristics and “Individual” a high degree for wood attributes. It was possible to observe that the wood is more plastic in a general aspect of all species. In addition, we saw that there are functional characteristics that are essential to be able to predict the structural parameters of vegetation. Studies like this and other more in-depth ones become important, as climate change can influence the architecture of plants.

The growth of world population has led to the expansion of agricultural areas to produce food that meet world demand, making it necessary to increase productivity and maintain sustainability in these areas. In this work was evaluated the effect of different Land Use and Land Cover (LULC) types, namely native forest, pasture, rice and soybean crops on the spatial variability of soil fertility and texture. Descriptive statistical analysis take base on pH, H+Al, Al, Ca, Mg, P, K, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, V, m, organic matter, clay, silt and sand values from soil samples about the different LULC. To verify the normality of the data, the Shapiro-Wilk test at 5% significance was performed, outlier analysis using boxplot graphics, principal component analysis and cluster analysis, using R software. In addition, the data were submitted to geostatistical analysis to verify the degree of spatial dependence of the variables through semivariograms, for interpolated kriging maps generated in the GS+ software. It was verified that the forest area has less fertility and greater acidity, whereas crop areas presented the opposite result. Except for silt, all variables were well represented in the factor map, in relation to PCA values the variability can be explained mainly by pH, V, Ca, K and Zn values inversely proportional to m, P and Sand. Through geostatistical analysis, spatial dependence ranging from moderate to strong was observed, generating reliability in the prediction of most attributes in pasture, rice and soybean areas. Through geostatistical analysis, spatial dependence ranging from moderate to strong was found, generating reliability in the prediction of most attributes in pasture, rice and soybean areas.

The advance of agribusiness on native vegetation has promoted an increasing isolation of wild animal populations in vegetation islands, with limited food supply. Thus, this work aimed to estimate the number of cattle slaughtered by jaguars (Panthera onca and Puma concolor) during one year in a cattle-producing municipality in southern Brazilian Amazon (Alta Floresta –MT). The owners or those responsible for the properties were basically asked how many heads of cattle were on the property and how many heads of cattle were lost to jaguars in 2020. Data from a total of 409 cattle farms were analyzed. Of this total, there were reports of predation by jaguars in 81 of the properties (19.8%). When extrapolating the data for the entire municipality, considering the size of the herd, an average of 970 animals killed per jaguar is obtained annually. The total number of cattle from the interviewed properties was 261,888 heads, equivalent to 34.21% of the entire herd in the municipality. Of this total, records of 332 cattle slaughtered by jaguars were obtained, representing a mortality rate of 0.12% over the herd. The landscape connectivity analysis showed that the highest connectivity rate was a thousand meters (m) away, which represented about 13.87% (17,848) of the connections. The results of the work showed that: i) despite the low lethality of one bovine preyed on every thousand heads, cattle raisers resent and justify their dislike for felines for the monetary damage caused by them; ii) The mobility of cats between forest fragments; iii) The decline in the population of cats in the municipality; iv) The absence of anti-predation techniques applied by ranchers; v) The municipality has potential for the exploration of feline sighting tourism.

The species Apeiba tibourbou (Aubl.) belongs to the Malvaceae family, is popularly known as monkey comb and balsa wood, and is widely used in folk medicine. Individuals belonging to the Malvaceae family have in their secondary metabolism a variety of chemical compounds that act in the defense mechanism against herbivory such as alkaloids, tannins and saponins. Understanding the physical characteristics and chemical compounds present in plants with insecticidal properties has been important for the development of new management techniques and new phytosanitary products with low environmental impact. In bibliographic research, there was a scarcity of data about the species Apeiba tibourbou, and its chemical and anatomical composition. The present work describes anatomical, histochemical and phytochemical characteristics present in the leaves of Apeiba tibourbou, and evaluates its insecticidal potential in the control of Aphis craccivora Koch (Hemiptera: Aphididae) and Atta sexdens L. (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). The phytochemical and histochemical analyzes and the anatomical description allowed the determination of the presence of starches, total lipids, phenolic compounds, alkaloids, mucilages, terpenoids and sesquiterpene lactones, calcium oxalates and trichomes. To evaluate the insecticidal potential of Apeiba tibourbou extract in adult individuals of Aphis craccivora, aqueous and hydroalcoholic extracts of leaves were prepared and subsequently applied at concentrations of: 2.5, 5.0, 7.5 and 10%. Survival assessment was performed at 24, 48, 72, 96 and 120 hours. There was a significant decrease in the survival rate of individuals, and the hydroalcoholic extract obtained better results than the aqueous extract. In the bioassays with workers of Atta sexdens, hydroalcoholic extracts were prepared from the bark and leaves of Apeiba tibourbou. The workers separated from the colony were placed in glass flasks, where the topical application of the extract was carried out, each repetition received a pad containing distilled water and an artificial diet cube based on agar and extract-free dextrose. Survival assessments were performed every 24 hours for a period of 15 days. There was a gradual decrease in the survival rate with increasing exposure time to hydroalcoholic extracts of bark and leaves of Apeiba tibourbou, showing to be a promising species for the control of Atta sexdens. Thus, the species Apeiba tibourbou has insecticidal potential in the control of Aphis craccivora and Atta sexdens in the laboratory.

Manihot esculenta Crantz belongs to the Euphorbiaceae family, popularly known as cassava or manioc. The cultivation of cassava is largely carried out by family farmers. The present study aimed to carry out a survey and phenotypic and molecular characterization of the landraces cultivated by small farmers in the North of the State of Mato Grosso, Brazil. The research was carried out in three settlements, Nossa Senhora Aparecida (NSA), Júlio Firmino Domingues (JFD) in the municipality of Alta Floresta and the São Pedro settlement (ASP) in the municipality of Paranaíta. The survey and phenotypic characterization were carried out during visits to the farmers' plantations in the three settlements. The data collected in the field were tabulated in an Excel spreadsheet, and the frequency of cultivation and the frequency of the phenotypic classes of each descriptor were calculated. To evaluate the genetic diversity, leaf samples of each landrace were collected for DNA extraction. A total of 33 properties were visited, 76 cassava landraces were surveyed and characterized, identifying 22 landraces with different names. The “cacau” cassava showed high frequency, cultivated in 69.7% of the properties, being the dominant landrace in the three settlements. Morphological characterization using 13 qualitative descriptors revealed a total of 44 phenotypic classes, evidencing genetic variability among the landraces. For molecular characterization, the 15 ISSR primers amplified 223 fragments, revealing 95% of polymorphism. Genetic dissimilarity values ranged between 0.091 and 0.618. The groupings by the UPGMA method formed 9 distinct groups, the group GI was the most representative (44.47%), the GVII, GVIII and GIX groups allocated only one landrace each, respectively the individuals NSA1 (“copinha” cassava), NSA20 (“amarela” cassava) and JFD25 (“cacao” cassava). The Nei (*H) and Shannon (*I) diversity indices demonstrated the existence of genetic variability within the settlements and AMOVA indicated that the greatest genetic diversity is present within the settlements (76%). The analysis of the population structure using Structure formed two groups, according to the value of ΔK, allocating the ethnovarities in accordance with the study regions. Phenotypic and molecular characterization revealed that there is genetic variability among individuals of M. esculenta. This diversity can be used in the construction of active germplasm collections and in future breeding programs.

The soils of southern Amazonia undergo modifications for the implementation of agriculture, livestock and forestry, and in general, these are poorly managed. And as these are naturally acidic and deficient in nutrients, due to accelerated weathering and the processes of soil formation, continue to affect their characteristics over the years, with all this, the quality of the soil is constantly altered. To know which managements were or are being less harmful to soils, we can study their attributes. In this way, the present work aimed to evaluate the quality of the soil through its chemical and physical characteristics, in addition to carrying out the study of the fractionation of phosphorus together with the microbial activity of the soil, in different uses that consisted of pasture areas, natural regeneration, tillage, forestry with teak production and forest fragment, in the south of the Amazon. We evaluate the physical attributes through porosity, density and penetration resistance; biological indicators by soil basal respiration, microbial biomass carbon, metabolic quotient and acid phosphatase; the chemicals were evaluated by the analysis of soil acidity, nutrient saturation, aluminum and hydrogen contents, organic matter, exchangeable calcium, exchangeable magnesium, exchangeable potassium and phosphorus. Due to the importance of phosphorus for crops and its deficiency in this region, its fractionation in the soil was evaluated. Most characteristics are influenced by management, where certain practices benefit the chemical characteristics of the soil, while others harm certain characteristics, mainly physical and microbiological characteristics.

The challenges encountered in tomato cultivation, in addition to ongoing climate changes, result in the urgency of developing environmental control technologies in order to increase fruit productivity and quality under conditions of intense availability of solar energy and high temperature. The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of a cultivation environment, covered with alveolar polycarbonate (PL) plates, through which a continuous flow of water was applied, and compared to a conventional cultivation environment covered with agricultural film (AF), under the tropical climatic conditions of the Mato Grosso Amazon. In both environments, the hybrid Fascínio was cultivated in pots, at 0,2; 0,3; 0,4; 0,5 and 0,6 m spacing in the row and 1,25 m between rows, from June to October. In the PL environment, a reduction of 42% of the transmissivity of the global radiation, 26% of the PAR radiation, 1 °C in the average ambient temperature, 5 °C in the average temperature of the leaves and a lower transpiration rate was verified. In the FA environment, higher photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, concentration of phenols, β-carotene, chromaticity and production of small fruits were observed, while fruits with larger diameter and greater average fruit mass were observed in the PL environment, as well as higher production of lycopene, activity antioxidant, greater leaf area and plant height. Regarding mean relative humidity, total production, commercial production, number of commercial fruits, % of loss, dry mass of leaves and stems, stem diameter, °Brix, texture and angle h°, there were no significant differences between environments. Regarding commercial productivity, the 0,2 m treatment showed the highest average of 144 t ha^-1, followed by the 0,3 m treatment with 114 t ha^-1. The PL environment can be recommended for regions with high solar incidence.

The chicória-do-pará is a vegetable considered an ethnomedicinal agent and its consumption is usually with the fresh plant, as a condiment. In Brazil, the cultivation of this vegetable is carried out in urban backyards and vegetable gardens, in small areas, and the use of screens in production is little reported. The nutritional importance of this vegetable is related, especially, to the content of antioxidants present in the leaves. Thus, seeking alternatives that can increase the content of these bioactives in chicória-do-pará, and their production, is one of the targets of this research. Another point is the increase in the conservation and storage time of this vegetable, through the drying of the leaves since dehydrated foods can be an alternative for consumption for prolonged periods. At first, we aimed to evaluate the stability of antioxidant compounds of this vegetable, submitted to different drying methods, since in the literature, few data on the influence of the drying method on the biochemical composition of chicória-do-pará are found. Regarding the drying methods, the chicory leaves were submitted to drying in a forced air circulation oven at 40, 50, 60 and 70 ºC, as well as drying by exposure to sunlight and shade. After drying, biochemical analyzes were performed (flavonoids, phenolic acids, total phenols, DPPH, ABTS and FRAP). In the “Solar” treatment, significant results were not observed for all the analyzed variables, when compared to the other drying methods used. The flavonoid content in the plants was higher when dried in an oven at 50 and 60 ºC and in the “shade”. Phenolic acids and antioxidant activity by ABTS report significant results in plants submitted to “shade” drying, as well as for phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity by DPPH and FRAP, in addition to drying in an oven at 50 ºC and in “shade”, the use of oven at 40ºC also revealed significant results. Thus, we can conclude that the “shade” drying proved to be promising, which makes it a good option for drying chicória-do-pará, with good stability of the compounds when compared to the other evaluated methods, since the plants subjected to this treatment showed a high content of flavonoids, ac. phenolics, total phenols and high antioxidant activity demonstrated by ABTS, DPPH and FRAP assays. Drying in an oven at 70 ºC was not effective for the maintenance of any of the compounds analyzed.

The chicória-do-pará is a vegetable considered an ethnomedicinal agent and its consumption is usually with the fresh plant, as a condiment. In Brazil, the cultivation of this vegetable is carried out in urban backyards and vegetable gardens, in small areas, and the use of screens in production is little reported. The nutritional importance of this vegetable is related, especially, to the content of antioxidants present in the leaves. Thus, seeking alternatives that can increase the content of these bioactives in chicória-do-pará, and their production, is one of the targets of this research. Another point is the increase in the conservation and storage time of this vegetable, through the drying of the leaves since dehydrated foods can be an alternative for consumption for prolonged periods. At first, we aimed to evaluate the stability of antioxidant compounds of this vegetable, submitted to different drying methods, since in the literature, few data on the influence of the drying method on the biochemical composition of chicória-do-pará are found. Regarding the drying methods, the chicory leaves were submitted to drying in a forced air circulation oven at 40, 50, 60 and 70 ºC, as well as drying by exposure to sunlight and shade. After drying, biochemical analyzes were performed (flavonoids, phenolic acids, total phenols, DPPH, ABTS and FRAP). In the “Solar” treatment, significant results were not observed for all the analyzed variables, when compared to the other drying methods used. The flavonoid content in the plants was higher when dried in an oven at 50 and 60 ºC and in the “shade”. Phenolic acids and antioxidant activity by ABTS report significant results in plants submitted to “shade” drying, as well as for phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity by DPPH and FRAP, in addition to drying in an oven at 50 ºC and in “shade”, the use of oven at 40ºC also revealed significant results. Thus, we can conclude that the “shade” drying proved to be promising, which makes it a good option for drying chicória-do-pará, with good stability of the compounds when compared to the other evaluated methods, since the plants subjected to this treatment showed a high content of flavonoids, ac. phenolics, total phenols and high antioxidant activity demonstrated by ABTS, DPPH and FRAP assays. Drying in an oven at 70 ºC was not effective for the maintenance of any of the compounds analyzed.

The Amazon Forest is the largest tropical forest in the world, with 60% belonging to the Brazilian territory, one third of the forest is located in the state of Mato Grosso. It is estimated that about 20% of all the planet's biodiversity is found in the Amazon. Among the species present in the Amazon, we highlight the Copaifera langsdorffii Desf., exploited mainly for the extraction of its oil-resin and wood, and also to be used in folk medicine in the treatment of various diseases. Inadequate management of C. langsdorffii, as well as forest fragmentation, can cause a decrease in the number of individuals in the populations, which in the long run can cause the loss of genetic variability. This study aimed to perform the molecular characterization of 27 individuals of C. langsdorffii collected in the Amazon located in Mato Grosso state, Brazil, and to evaluate the toxic, cytotoxic and genotoxic potential of the species. For evaluation of genetic diversity, 12 ISSR primers were used, which amplified 106 fragments, 98.11% of which were polymorphic. The content of polymorphic information (PIC) of each primer varied between 0.45 and 0.81. The average dissimilarity found was 0.49. The greatest genetic variability is found within the groups and not between them. The percentage of polymorphism, values of genetic dissimilarity and indexes of genetic diversity, indicate that there is high genetic variability among C. langsdorffii individuals, suggesting that ISSR primers are efficient in detecting polymorphism in this species, and that the population has the potential to compose  conservation programs and the ability to integrate germplasm banks. The assessment of toxic, cytotoxic and genotoxic potential was performed using the Allium cepa test. The aqueous extracts (infused and decocted) obtained from the stem bark and leaves of C. langsdorffii were evaluated, with five different concentrations and two controls, with distilled water (negative control) and glyphosate at 1% (positive control). The growth of the root system (CSR), the mitotic index (MI), and the frequency of chromosomal changes and / or abnormalities in the phases of cell division were evaluated. The greatest reductions in CSR were found in decocted extracts (stem bark and leaves). For the stem bark, both extracts at concentration of 0.032 mg mL ^-1 showed lower MI. The concentrations 0.002 mg mL^-1 of the infused bark extract and 0.004 mg mL^-1 of the decocted leaf extract showed 4.19 and 3.55% of cell aberrations respectively, followed by the positive leaf control with 5.71%. The results showed the toxic, cytotoxic and genotoxic potential of the aqueous extracts of C. langsdorffii on the test organism.

Abstract: In this dissertation, an evolution of environmental legislation was addressed, as well as a case study with the subsumption of the law in concrete projects to make forest restoration feasible, showing the efficiency of the methods applied by an environmental public policy. A traditional bibliographic research method was used, highlighting the multidisciplinary nature of the environmental issue since it is necessary to know several scientific areas. In the first chapter, a bibliographic survey of the evolution of the legislation regarding the protection of the environment was carried out; analysis of the importance of the rural environmental registry (CAR) as a method of controlling deforestation; and studying the terminology conflict between restoration, restoration, recovery, and restoration of native vegetation. In the second chapter, legal issues were analyzed in order to apply the theoretical perspectives of law in the concrete cases proposed by the SEMA (State Secretariat for the Environment) of Mato Grosso, and the project Olhos D'água da Amazônia was implemented for the documentary research. in the municipality of Alta Floresta (MT), in order to reduce deforestation and increase forest restoration rates, in order to recover APPs (permanent preservation areas). Also selected as a sample was a study carried out by ICV (Instituto Centro e Vida) in the Municipalities of Alta Floresta, Carlinda, and Paranaíta in the State of Mato Grosso, comparing the gain and loss of forest during the years 2008 to 2019. With the study it was it is possible to concretely make the general objective of the work viable, that is, demonstrate that an environmental public policy will be efficient if there is political will from the government, financial investment, involvement of specialists, and participation of society in the process of raising awareness of the importance of biodiversity conservation, as well as alignment of a sustainable economic development policy

Few sources of information exist about secondary vegetation in Brazil, which consists of vegetation originating from areas that were deforested in previous years and later abandoned by use if they regenerated and / or were recomposed by human action. In Mato Grosso, many areas of environmental liabilities have been restored in recent years, due to legal requirements and / or abandonment of use. The objective of the present work, divided into two chapters, was to map and validate the forest restoration (RF) that occurred in the period from 2008 to 2019 and to analyze its spatial distribution over the network of rural properties, Permanent Preservation Areas (APPs), Legal Reserves (RLs) and properties benefited by projects financed by the Amazon Fund in three municipalities in northern Mato Grosso. The study area comprised the municipalities of Alta Floresta, Carlinda and Paranaíta, which together totaled a total area of 1,616,537 ha. The mapping was performed through visual interpretation in freely accessible orbital images. The vectorization scale was 1: 25,000. The mapping validation was carried out through systematic sampling from the polygons that were located within a maximum radius of 50 meters from the axis of the municipal road network. A total of 567 sample areas were selected. All field work was carried out by land using a motor vehicle. To measure the accuracy of the mapping, the Global Accuracy, Conditional Kappa and Tau indexes were used. Net deforestation was calculated by subtracting the RF area from the PRODES / INPE deforestation area. For the spatial distribution analysis, digital cartographic bases of the property limits provided by ICV (2018), APP limits, property limits benefited by the Olhos D’Água da Amazônia (PRODAM) and Nascentes do Buriti projects were used. Rural properties were subdivided into five classes according to the number of fiscal modules (MF) being: Up to 1 MF; from 1 to 2 MF; from 2 to 4 MF; from 4 to 15 MF and above 15 MF. The size of the MF in the three municipalities according to INCRA is 100 hectares. The amount of RF for the period and for the study area was 14,605.1 ha and 7,302 polygons. The accuracy indices showed values of 95.5%, 91.1% and 90.9% respectively, with performance classified as excellent. The average height of vegetation in the sample areas was 7.11 meters. Alta Floresta had 

the highest number of polygons, 4,449, and the largest area, 9,975.4 ha of RF. Carlinda had the best net deforestation balance - 103.7 ha. Paranaíta had lesser performance both in the quantity of RF and in the net deforestation balance. The rural property class above 15 MF was the one that stood out the most, with the highest number of polygons, the largest area and the highest percentage of properties with an incidence of RF. The RF focused more heavily on areas of APP compared to RL. The environmental liability in APP was 22,328.69 ha in the entire study area until the year 2019. The incidence of RF on the areas of APPD between the years 2016 to 2019 was only 7.9%. The PRODAM project was able to achieve its initially proposed goal of recomposing 1,200 ha of forest, while the Nascentes do Buriti project has so far reached 14.3% of the initially proposed goal. Despite efforts, the two projects contributed 9.5% of all RF in the entire study area. The entire database used in the analysis of this work is openly available through the link: https://arcg.is/0qKjCi.

Livestock and soy are the main drivers of deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon. The purpose of this work was to verify the conversion of natural areas for soy planting after the Soy Moratorium, between the crop years 2009/2010 to 2017/2018. To evaluate the deforested areas, images were used via remote sensing of the Landsat satellites made available by the Global Forest Change database, with files containing 8-bit values, with a spatial resolution of one second of arc per pixel, or approximately 30 meters per pixel in the equator. The areas cultivated with soy were identified with the PCEI index (Perpendicular Crop Enhancement Index). Boxplots were built to demonstrate the variation of the variables evaluated over the time series. To check the trend of variables over the years, the Man-Kendall test was applied, followed by the Pettitt test to identify the probable point of change with the significant trend at 0.005 for the Pettitt test. All analyzes were performed with R software with the aid of the “ggplot2”, “trend”, “ManKendall” and “factoextra” packages. In the 2017/2018 crop year, soy was present in seven Amazonian states, with the exception of Amazonas and Maranhão and occupying an area of 5,237,640 hectares (ha). The states with the largest planting areas were Mato Grosso (4,453,053 ha), Pará (565,541 ha) and Rondônia (95,934 ha). The states with the largest areas of deforestation were Pará and Mato Grosso and the trend test showed that the probable year of change was 2006 for the state of Mato Grosso, which coincides with the year of implementation of the Soy Moratorium. As of 2009, 12,413,267 ha have been deforested. Of this total, 359,606 ha were converted into soybean areas. This represents only 2.90% of all deforestation in the Amazon in the period. Our results show that cattle ranching remains the main driver of deforestation in the Amazon and that the public policies that have existed so far have not been sufficient to contain deforestation.

In recent years in Brazil, invasive species in cultivation areas have been raising concern among farmers due to damage and losses in production. A study carried out in the Parque Nacional das Emas, for example, shows a daily consumption of 1.9 kg of corn by the white leap peccaries (WLP) (Tayassu pecari). However, these invasions are driven by deforestation that causes forest fragmentation, loss of habitat and reduced availability of resources, forcing fauna to explore agro-ecosystems in search of food. An example of this is the situation of the WLP. While they have disappeared from much of the country, they are still abundant and live in conflict with corn farmers in the state of Mato Grosso. Thus, this species, resilient to the impacts of forest fragmentation, is now seen as a pest specie by farmers. Due to this conflicting relationship, this work was divided into two chapters and had two main objectives. The first estimated the economic impacts caused by the WLP on corn production on a single property in the south of the Brazilian Amazon. The second assessed the dispersed functional connectivity of the WLP in an environment with an agricultural matrix, to use as a predictive model of areas to be invaded and aiming at guiding producers regarding this possibility. For the first objective, we used a property in the municipality of Alta Floresta, with 1,100 hectares of corn crops. In this property we randomized 50 collection points, all around the crop, represented by one hectare each, composed of six treatments (distances from the edge of the forest fragment), divided into five repetitions of 10 linear meters of corn, where the whole and damaged corn stalks were counted. We calculated the percentage of damaged corn stalks at each point, extracting an average loss for the points analyzed, being extrapolated to the entire crop. For the second, we used data on the presence and absence of white-lipped peccaries, acquired through visits to properties that grew corn in the 2018/19 crop year in Alta Floresta, Carlinda and Paranaíta in the state of Mato Grosso. With the ArcGis Software and orbital scenes from the CBERS-04A satellite (China-Brazil Earth-Resources Satellite), we identify forest fragments and crops to quantify connection rates through the Conefor Sensinode 2.6 plugin, through the integral connectivity index (IIC).  We found 1.25% of damaged plants throughout the property, representing a loss of R $ 34,344.75 for the owner. Crops were invaded at a rate of up to 300 meters in connection with forest fragments. Even low damage rates are not tolerated by farmers. This intolerance and persecution promoted by farmers may compromise the survival of the WLP in the agricultural frontier areas in the Amazon. One of the solutions to avoid conflicts would be for crops to be cultivated at least 300 meters away from the nearest forest fragment.

As it has one of the richest biological diversity on the planet, Brazil has a vast potential for research with vegetables that substantiate secondary metabolites, among which we can mention the species of the genus Xylopia L. Xylopia produces a variety of secondary metabolites and has been investigated as a source potential of compounds that exhibit a wide variety of biological properties. Secondary metabolites are not directly related to plant growth and development, but assume functional characteristics that allow them to respond to environmental stimuli; in the same way that possible changes in the anatomy of species can perform functions that suggest a certain adaptive degree. In this sense, this study had as main objective to investigate Xylopia species occurring in different areas in the southern Amazon of Mato Grosso, seeking to characterize and compare anatomically and histochemically six species of the genus, in addition, we investigate possible adaptive characteristics of Amazonian Xylopia in different communities vegetables from the region. To carry out the study, we used leaves of tree species of the genus Xylopia, which were subjected to the usual methodologies for anatomical and histochemical research. The research is organized in two chapters, the first deals with the description and anatomical and histochemical comparison of the species: Xylopia amazonica, X. aromatica, X.benthamii, X. frutescens, X. neglecta and X. sericea, where it was possible to verify that the species have shared anatomical characteristics, such as paracitic stomata, epidermal cells with straight walls, thin cuticle, bulky substomatic chambers and secretory channels. As well as the results referring to histochemical tests, which also revealed similarity between species, since of the ten tests performed, five reacted positively in all species. The compounds present in the species, perform ecological functions related to adaptations to the environment, such as reduced sweating, water storage, defense against herbivory and antifungal action. Despite the large number of shared characteristics, it was possible to separate them into groups, where the species X. frutescens and X. sericea are the most similar among the six. The results obtained are able to assist in taxonomic studies in the circumstance in which they suggest greater kinship between the species X. frutescens and X. sericea and X. amazonica and X. aromatica. The second chapter revealed that four anatomical attributes differ between the studied sites, namely, stomatal size, central rib bundle thickness, palisade parenchyma thickness and leaf wing thickness, thus, the mean annual precipitation and the seasonality index also influenced the variation of these tissues, except the thickness of the leaf wing. Although some attributes do not vary between sites and are not related to environmental variables, they showed a higher value for intraspecific variability, such as the thickness of the adaxial and abaxial epidermis, stomatal density and thickness of the lacunous parenchyma. This study shows that X. amazônica presents a difference in the anatomical attributes between the different sites and that these differences are closely linked to environmental factors, more especially the average annual precipitation.

Future climate changes and modifications in land use and land cover are anthropic processes of threats to global biodiversity. For the conservation and restoration processes of impacted areas to be efficient, it is necessary to investigate the effects of climate change on local plant species. Here, we aim to understand which plant species, which are being used in the recovery process of impacted areas of the Cerrado-Amazon Transition, will support future climates. To verify whether species used in forest restoration will find suitable areas in the future throughout this transition, we model, using niche-based models, their present potential distributions by projecting them into the future climate (2070). We used eight modeling algorithms, three global climate models (GCMs) and selected models based on True Skill Statistic (TSS). The post hoc chi-square test showed significant differences among the present, optimistic future and pessimistic future for 45 species of the 48 modeled species. Our results indicated 15 species as most promising for restoration in the Cerrado-Amazon Transition considering future climate change scenarios. Ensemble models showed that climate change is expected to alter the geographic distribution of all selected species (15 species) and not selected (29 species), with that, we observe how the anthropic actions in relation to the climatic changes can modify the distributions of these species, with high suitability for some and low or loss of suitability for others, modifying the landscape and possibly the traditional life of many people who live from these species in the Transition Cerrado-Amazon region.

The use of protected cultivation systems for tomato plants has corroborated the agronomic viability of the crop, but plastic coverings and/or polycarbonate can bring a different dynamic regarding production in regions with humid tropical climate by interfering in the environmental conditions of cultivation for the species. The present study aims to analyze physiological and productive aspects of tomato hybrids of determined habit of the salad group influenced by protected cultivation environments covered with polycarbanate and agricultural film and open field, in summer cultivation in a transition region between Cerrado and Amazon, in Sinop /Mt. 'Thaise', 'Trucker' and 'DS0060' salad tomato hybrids were cultivated in a protected environment covered with agricultural film (FA) and another with polycarbonate (P) and under field conditions. The hybrids Thaise and Trucker showed high productivity 92.6 and 88.2 t ha-1 in the environment covered with polycarbonate, respectively. The fruits of the hybrid 'Thaíse' showed higher antioxidant activity.

Pará nut is an important forest species in the Amazon biome, and its economic exploitation is based on its timber and non-timber products, especially almonds. The northern region of Mato Grosso is mainly responsible for the production of Pará nuts in the state, and, moreover, for its edaphoclimatic conditions, has great potential for the development of homogeneous and intercropped production systems. In forest agroecosystems, especially homogeneous plantations, the occurrence of damage by pest insects is one of the main obstacles to productive success. In general, the orders Coleoptera and Blattodea (Termitoidea), are of high economic relevance since they can under certain management conditions cause deterioration of forest individuals, seedling mortality, damage to the root system, and other injuries. Thus, this work evaluated the occurrence of termites and coleobrocas in native and homogeneous systems of Pará nuts in the north of Mato Grosso. In the evaluation of coleobrocas (Subfamily Scolytinae) associated with these production systems, three Brazil nuts were studied: Native Anthropized Planting nut, Homogeneous Planting nut and Preserved Native Planting nut. In each environment, 12 modified Pet-Santa Maria traps were used during four sampling periods in the biennium (2018-2019). The collected material was identified at species level and the data submitted to faunal analysis, correlation and clustering. A total of 2,356 scolitans were sampled in 36 species in the three Brazil nut trees. Conserved Native Castanhal had the highest species richness (30), followed by Homogeneous Planting nut (27) and Anthropized Native Planting nut (27). The species Xyleborus affinis (Eichhoff, 1868) was classified as superdominant in the three environments, being considered a species of great economic importance for cultivated forest systems. The study of the occurrence of Cerambycidae coleobrocas was conducted in the area of the Homogeneous Planting nut with 12 ethanolic traps in four sampling periods between 2018 and 2019. In this survey a total of 28 individuals were distributed, distributed in 6 species, being Trachyderes succinctus (Linnaeus, 1758) and Chlorida festiva (Linnaeus, 1758) the most representative, which are also recorded attacking several forest species of economic interest. Cerambicidae abundance was correlated with climatic variables (temperature, relative humidity and precipitation), with no significance. In order to study the occurrence and spatial distribution of termites in the Homogeneous Castanhal, a 40-point grid sampling was adopted, and at each point buried cellulosic traps were buried at 20 cm depth, which remained in the field for 40 days. A total of 1405 individuals were sampled, of which 396 (28.1%) belong to the genus Nasutitermes and 1009 (71.8%) to the species Heterotermes tenuis (Hagen, 1858). The spatial distribution analyzed by the Morisita index indicated that the distribution pattern is of the aggregate type. The results obtained in this study demonstrate that the monitoring of coleobrocas and termites in native and homogeneous Pará nut systems are fundamental for the development of integrated pest management strategies, as well as for the understanding of the ecological dynamics of these agents in the systems forestry.

The Cucurbitaceae family consists of watermelon, cucumber, melon, gherkin and
pumpkin, representing 20% of the world's vegetable production and has
approximately 90 genera. Pumpkins belong to the genus Cucurbita represented by
approximately 750 species. This culture is of great importance because it is part of
human food, in addition to being produced on a large scale. The objective of this
study was to evaluate 11 traditional varieties of the species C.moschata regarding
phenological attributes, political viability and genetic divergence through germination
characteristics. 11 traditional pumpkins varieties previously collected from seven rural
properties located in the municipalities in the north of the state of Mato Grosso were
evaluated. The study began in October 2018 with sowing and observations of
phenological development occurred between November 2018 and March 2019. The
experiment was installed in a randomized block design (DBC), with four replications
and eleven treatments, in the municipality of Alta Floresta. The experimental unit
(plot), consisted of 6 plants, the spacing between lines and between plants was 2.0 m
x 2.0 m, in a total of 66 plants per block, totaling 264 plants. For pollen viability, the
Alexander triple solution was used, the scores attributed to evaluate the phenological
stages were based on the species Passiflora edulis Sims and the characteristics for
the evaluation of genetic divergence were based on the recommendations of the
Rules for Seed Analysis. In the phenological evaluations it was observed that all the
studied varieties reached the complete phenological cycle. The UNEMAT 024 access
showed precocity in the appearance of female flower buds and obtained the lowest
phenological cycle, showing that it adapts to the environmental conditions of the
region. The average viability was 86%, with access to UNEMAT 020 with the highest
value of 96.40% and UNEMAT 024 with the lowest value to 70.15%. High pollen
viability was verified in all collected varieties, indicating aptitude for pollination. In the
analysis of genetic divergence, the characteristics with the greatest contribution to
genetic divergence between varieties were fresh air mass and air length. The graphic
dispersion of the varietiesthroughthecanonicalvariablesshowedabehaviorpartiallyinagreement with Tocher's grouping method, however it formed one more group. Considering the
germinative potential, the most suitable access to integrate future germplasm banks
and breeding programs, aiming at commercial production and the maintenance of the
genetic resources of the species is UNEMAT 016, as it presented a high germinative
percentage and a higher rate of germination speed, and the UNEMAT 017 access
because it had high germination and low percentage of abnormal seedlings with only
10%. The results obtained in this study can help farmers to improve their yields
because it shows which varieties can be more effective to reach the final stage of
production, in addition, this genetic material can be used in new studies involving
breeding programs in the northern region of Mato Grosso.

The spatial and genetic distribution analysis and the anatomical knowledge of a
species is a very useful tool to understand your ecological behavior because it
provides information that underlie management strategies and influence the
population structure. The present study aimed to study the horizontal structure
of the species Theobroma speciosum (cacauhy) and Theobroma subincanum
(cupui) and also characterize the genetic diversity and anatomy of leaves of T.
speciosum, recording the structural differences observed between sun leaves
and shade leaves. The genetic diversity detected was spatially structured within
the population, and that the closer the trees, more is the probability of being
closely related. In relation to spatial distribution, the T. speciosum individuals
showed aggregated distribution pattern, while T. subincanum presented a
random pattern. The diameter distribution of T. speciosum followed a
distribution in the form of inverted "J", behavior expected for a forest
environment with low anthropic pressure, as T. subincanum not followed the
same pattern, however the species proved to be well established in the area,
with a significant number of individuals in all diameter classes. The constitution
of the sun and shade leaves of T. speciosum mesophyll varied with the
environment. Plants exposed to full sunlight showed longer cells in the palisade
parenchyma, spongy parenchyma also showed many layers of overlapping
cells, whereas shade leaves showed cells with many intercellular spaces. Were
observed significant anatomical changes caused by variations of light intensity
on the leaves, which revealed a large adaptive capacity of T. speciosum. Thus,
the results indicate the importance of conservation areas established in order to
safeguard the natural environment from the pressures of different anthropic
actions, and also the need for studies in the region of the Amazon biome.