The Cerrado vegetation is historically adapted to seasonal water scarcity and natural occurrence of fires, but we still know little about the effects imposed by these environmental conditions in the current scenario of climate change. We evaluated the effect of climate, fire, and soil moisture on the phenology of woody species from two adjacent sites of savanna formation of the Cerrado biome (Cerrado stricto sensu). The first site has been protected from fire for more than 20 years (since September 2001), here called unburned site, while the second site was accidentally burned in September 2001 and 2008 and August 2016, here considered as burned site. At both sites, we estimated the intensity of leaf cover in the canopy, flowering and fruiting of the same plants during two distinct periods (period 1 - May 2008 to October 2011; period 2 - April 2020 and April 2022). We obtained measurements of precipitation, temperature, relative humidity, and Vapor Pressure Deficit. Only at the unburned site we measured relative soil moisture, at three depths (0-20 cm; 40-60 and 90-110) between the months of April 2020 and April 2022. Considering the degree of leaf deciduousness, inferred from leaf coverage in the canopy, we categorized the species into four phenological groups: evergreen with continuous growth, evergreen with seasonal growth, brevideciduous, and deciduous. By comparing the burned and unburned site we show that: 1. the climate was markedly seasonal, with higher rainfall volumes between 2009 and 2015 and lower between 2016 and 2021; 2. after the 2008 fire, some species did not flower until one or two years on the burned site, others flowered but did not fruit and some species did not mature fruits; 3. Nine of the 12 species studied showed a difference in the average flowering time of the plants, of which eight species delayed and only one anticipated flowering in the second (less rainy) period compared to the first (more rainy) period. In evaluating the effect of climate and soil moisture on the phenological behavior of the species at the unburned site over a 2-year period we showed: 1. In the three soil layers analyzed, the proportion of water in the soils in the year 2021 (dry year) was lower than that recorded in 2020 (wet year); 2. Leaf deciduousness was greater in the drier year than in the wet year; 3. Most species delayed flowering time in the second (drier) sample period compared to the first (wetter) sample period; 4. Leaf coverage in the canopy was greater in months with higher relative humidity and higher water availability in soils; 5. Leaf senescence occurred in months with lower precipitation, soil water, and minimum temperature; 6. Leaf production was concentrated in months with higher precipitation, minimum temperature, and soil water; 7. Anemochoric fruit maturation occurred in months with lower relative humidity. Our long-term and short-term studies suggest that vegetative and reproductive phenological behaviors are affected by water availability to plants and by fire. We concluded that the effect of fire on phenology depended on the degree of deciduousness of the plants, while we did not unequivocally show that the effect of water availability differed on species with distinct phenological behaviors.